TURKEY. 



821 



the agitation caused by the proposal to dises- 

 tablish the Irish Church, by strenuously op- 

 posing the measure to that effect. He resigned 

 the archbishopric in 1884, in consequence of 

 ill - health. His other published works are 

 "Notes on the Parables of our Lord" (1841); 

 " Elegiac Poems " (1 841) ; " Poems from East- 

 ern Sources " (1842) ; " Genoveva and other 

 Poems"; "Five Sermons preached before the 

 University of Cambridge in 1843 " ; "Exposi- 

 tion of the Sermon on the Mount " ; " Sacred 

 Poems for Mourners " ; " Notes on the Mira- 

 cles of our Lord"; "Sacred Latin Poetry"; 

 " The Star of the Wise Men " ; " On the Study 

 of Words " (1851) ; " On the Lessons in Prov- 

 erbs" (1853); "Synonyms of the New Testa- 

 ment" (1854); "Alma and other Poems" 

 (1854); "English, Past and Present" (1855); 

 "Essay on the Life and Genius of Calderon" 

 (1856); "Five Sermons on Christ" (1856); 

 " On Some Deficiencies in our English Dic- 

 tionaries" (1857); "Select Glossary of Eng- 

 lish Words used formerly in Senses different 

 from their Present " ; " Shipwrecks of Faith " ; 

 "Studies on the Gospels"; "Household Book 

 of English Poetry " ; " St. Augustine as an In- 

 terpreter of Scripture " ; " The Epistles of the 

 Seven Churches of Asia Minor." A selection 

 from his poems appeared in New York in 1856. 



TURKEY, an empire in southeastern Europe 

 and western Asia. The government is an ab- 

 solute monarchy, the will of the Sultan being 

 supreme, unless in conflict with the precepts 

 of the Mohammedan religion. The following 

 are the Ministers of State : President of the 

 State Council, Aarifi Pasha; Minister of For- 

 eign Affairs, Said Pasha ; Minister of War and 

 Grand Master of Artillery, Ali Saib Pasha ; 

 Minister of Marine, Hassan Pasha ; Minister of 

 the Interior, Munir Pasha ; Minister of Justice. 

 Djevdet Effendi ; Minister of Finance, Zihni 

 Effendi ; Minister of Commerce and Agricult- 

 ure, Hakki Pasha ; Minister of Public Instruc- 

 tion, Munif Pasha ; Intendant of Evkafs, Mus- 

 tapha Pasha ; Minister of Public Works, Zuhni 

 Effendi. 



Area and Population. The total area of the 

 Turkish Empire is 2,406,522 square miles, and 

 the population 43,978,100, inclusive of Bulga- 

 ria and Eastern Roumelia, the provinces occu- 

 pied by Austria, the vilayet of Tripoli, Egypt, 

 and the Soudan. The area of the immediate 

 possessions in Europe is 63,850 square miles, 

 the population 4,500,000; the area of the im- 

 mediate possessions in Asia, 729,170 square 

 miles, the population 16,133,000. 



Of the total population of the Ottoman do- 

 minions in Europe and Asia about 16,000,000 

 are Mussulmans, and 5,000,000 are divided 

 among seven sects, which possess the rights of 

 religious freedom and autonomous ecclesiasti- 

 cal organizations. 



The population of Constantinople, with its 

 environs, is about 1,200,000 ; of Damascus, 

 200,000; of Smyrna, 200,000; of Bagdad, 180,- 

 000; of Aleppo, 120,000; of Adrianople, 100,- 



000 ; of Salonica, Beyrut, Erzerum, and Csesa- 

 rea, 60,000 each. 



The Army. The Ottoman army in 1885 com- 

 prised 264 battalions of infantry, 189 squad- 

 rons of cavalry, 104 batteries of field and 36 of 

 mountain artillery, 8 battalions of fortress ar- 

 tillery, 10 battalions of artificers, 19 compa- 

 nies of engineers, 1 company of telegraphists, 

 and 5 battalions of infantry train, three of 

 artificers, and 3 of firemen. The total strength 

 was 9,815 officers and 149,144 men, with 

 23,025 horses, 828 field-cannon, and 2,374 

 stationary guns. There were under arms, in 

 March, 1886, 270 battalions of infantry, 196 

 squadrons of cavalry, and 168 batteries of ar- 

 tillery belonging to the Nizam reserve, and 

 296 battalions belonging to the Redif, number- 

 ing altogether 475,000 men. 



The Navy. The fleet in 1886 consisted of 15 

 large armor-clad vessels, of which 7 were 

 frigates and 8 corvettes ; 46 wooden vessels and 

 armored gunboats; and 17 torpedo-boats. The 

 largest ironclad is the " Mesoudieh," of 8,760 

 tons, with 12 inches of armor at the water- 

 line, and carrying twelve 18-ton guns. The 

 next in size is the " Hamidieh," with 9-inch 

 plates, 6,530 tons displacement, ten 12-ton 

 guns, and three 4 ton guns. The 13 smaller 

 iron-clads range from 2,046 to 6,400 tons, and 

 have from 5 to 9 inches of armor. 



Finanees.^In accordance with an arrange- 

 ment with the creditors of the Porte, the Otto- 

 man debt, amounting to 190,997,980 sterling, 

 was consolidated and unified in 1881 by the 

 issue of new bonds of the amount of 92,225,- 

 827 sterling, not including 14,211,407 of bonds 

 for the Roumelian railroads, which make the 

 total 106,437,234. Down to the end of 1885 

 there were 1,540,017 of bonds paid off, leav- 

 ing a foreign debt of 104,897,217 sterling. 



Commerce. In 1884-'85 the total value of 

 dutiable merchandise imported was 1,975,784,- 

 035 piasters, and the value of the exports 1,239,- 

 028 piasters, not inclusive of tobacco, of which 

 10,299,289 kilos, valued at about $57,500,000, 

 were exported, making the total value of the 

 exports $112,016,885, while that of the imports 

 was $86,934,453. The imports from the Uni- 

 ted States were valued at 28,948,750 piasters, 

 and the exports to the United States at 11,- 

 391,888 piasters. The largest articles of ex- 

 port, besides tobacco, were cereals, of the val- 

 ue of 231,048,452 piasters; fruits, 194,140,530 

 piasters; raw silk, 64,202,883 piasters; and co- 

 coons, 29,985,000 piasters; opium, 78,120,764 

 piasters; mohair, 55,155,437 piasters; raw cot- 

 ton, 47,664,608 piasters; coffee, 42,370,320 pi- 

 asters. The principal imports were cotton and 

 cotton manufactures, valued at 520,047,885 

 piasters; cereals and flour, 161,561,233 pias- 

 ters; sugar, 138,148,632 piasters ; woolens, 77,- 

 388,759 piasters; coffee, 63,437,279 piasters; 

 metals, 61,431, 104 piasters; iron manufactures, 

 57,315,809 piasters. Arms and military en- 

 gines, articles for schools and churches, agri- 

 cultural implements, and machinery for rail- 



