ARCHEOLOGY. (GRECIAN.) 



21 



been the first king who once again actually 

 reigned over both Upper and Lower Egypt. 

 The absence of any mention of Shashank or 

 Shishak, the founder of the Bubastic dynasty, 

 who is supposed to have been a native of Bu- 

 bastis, is remarked upon. The tenor of the 

 evidence afforded by this temple is to indicate 

 that Osorkon II, of whom little has been 

 hitherto known, was the most powerful mon- 

 arch of the Bubastic line. The condition of 

 ruins indicates that the temple was destroyed 

 by some great convulsion, either an earthquake 

 or a revolution or military assault of extraor- 

 dinary violence. 



Early Christian Cemetery at Alexandria. An early 

 Christian cemetery has been discovered near 

 Alexandria, on the Ramleh Railway line, be- 

 tween Alexandria and Mustapha Pasha sta- 

 tions, and near the site of the Augustan city 

 and camp of Nicopolis. It is composed of 

 tombs excavated in the rock which underlies 

 the region. In the first tomb discovered, a 

 doorway cut into the solid rock gave entrance 

 to a crypt, surrounded by thirty-eight rock-cut 

 loculi measuring about nine feet in length by 

 from four feet to six feet in width, ranged one 

 above another in two and sometimes three 

 tiers. In each recess were found ten skele- 

 tons, all apparently skeletons of men, the bones 

 being very large, and the teeth in all sound 

 and white, and firmly fixed in their sockets. 

 Two other excavations were discovered also 

 with loculi and interments ; and the discover- 

 ies make it seem probable that the whole area 

 inclosed by the Roman wall, which is one of 

 the marks of the place, is one vast cemetery. 

 Terra-cotta lamps were found with a few of 

 the skeletons, some impressed with an eight- 

 pointed cross, some with a priestly figure in the 

 attitude of benediction, and some with I. H. S. 

 Over one niche was painted a palm-branch or- 

 nament, and other half-obliterated Christian 

 ornaments were here and there painted on the 

 ceilings of the galleries. The only inscription 

 found by Count d'Hulst, who directed the ex- 

 cavations, is too fragmentary for translation. 



The Hyksos. Mr. H. Flinders Petrie exhibit- 

 ed at the meeting of the British Association a 

 collection of casts and photographs of the ethnic 

 types depicted on the Egyptian monuments. 

 Among them were representations of the Hyk- 

 sos chieftains, or shepherd kings. Dr. Isaac 

 Taylor remarks in the features of these por- 

 traits, as he considers them which are distin- 

 guished by " high cheek-bones, and broad, flat, 

 dumpy noses" evidence that the Hyksos were 

 not Semites, but Mongols or Tartars ; and that 

 "the story of the conquest of Egypt by the 

 Ilyksos is the story of the conquests of the 

 Huns under Attila, and of the Moguls under 

 Genghis-Khan." Portraits of Hittite chieftains 

 also indicate to Dr. Taylor that the royal race 

 of that nation "belonged to the Mongolic Hyk- 

 sos type, somewhat softened by intermarriage, 

 while the race over whom they ruled presents 

 an ethnic type of quite another character. 



It would seem," he adds, " that in their career 

 of conquest, the Mongolic invaders subdued 

 Syria as well as Egypt; and that their domin- 

 ion, after it had been overthrown in Egypt by 

 the Ramessides, endured yet awhile in North- 

 ern Syria." 



The Throne of Qneen Hatasn, of the eighteenth 

 dynasty, was placed in view of the public at 

 the exhibition in Manchester. This queen was 

 one ot the most famous sovereigns of her dy- 

 nasty. She was a daughter of Thothmes I, and 

 the queen of Thothmes II, who reigned as his 

 successor for many years. She was distin- 

 guished by the erection of gome grand build- 

 ings, including the great Temple of Dayr-el- 

 Baharee, in Western Thebes, and obelisks at 

 Karnak ; and by the expedition which she dis- 

 patched to the " Land of Punt," or the east- 

 ern coast of Africa on the oldest voyage of 

 discovery known in history which returned 

 laden with precious goods and novelties. The 

 throne is made of a hard and heavy wood, of 

 a rich dark color, resembling rose-wood. The 

 legs are carved in the shape of the legs of a 

 hoofed animal, and each ornamented in front 

 with two royal basilisks in gold. The arms 

 are made of the same dark wood, are of curi- 

 ous shape, and finished with basilisks of lighter- 

 colored wood. The seat and back have dis- 

 appeared, and have had to be restored. The 

 whole was richly plated, trimmed with silver, 

 while the nails by which the parts of the chair 

 were connected, were round-headed, and plated 

 with gold. A part of one of the royal ovals 

 remains ; it is nine or ten inches long, is 

 carved on both sides, and contains about one 

 fourth of the field of the cartonch. On it are 

 identified, on one side, the throne- name, " Ra- 

 mo-ka," and on the other side the family-name, 

 " Amen Knum-Hatshepsn," of the queen. The 

 wood of this cartouch, like that of the basilisks 

 on the arms, is very hard and close-grained, 

 and of a tawny-yellow hue, like box-wood. 



The throne, and other objects associated with 

 it, are the property of Mr. Jesse Haworth. 



Grecian. The Temple of Jnpiter 01) mpius. Mr. 

 E. P. Penrose has described to the British 

 Archffilogical School in Athens his discoveries 

 in the Temple of Jupiter Olympius, where he 

 has been excavating on behalf of the Society of 

 Dilettanti. Various massive foundations were 

 come upon, which were in all probability the 

 work of Pisistratus, together with three distinct 

 beds intended for the pavement of different 

 parts of his temple, which were found at levels 

 varying from about nine feet to eleven feet 

 below the floor of the later naos. Some drums, 

 about seven and a half feet in diameter, remain 

 of the columns prepared by Pisistratus. The 

 most important result of the excavations was 

 that of settling the question that the temple was 

 octastyle, instead of being decastyle, as had been 

 generally supposed. The probable position of 

 the statue had been ascertained, and the dis- 

 position of the foundations corroborated Mr. 

 Fergusson's view of the hypcethrum and gen- 



