AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



49 



fled at the approach of the ship, but several 

 of their villages were burned. 



AUSTRIA -HUNGARY, an empire in Central Eu- 

 rope. The two states of which it is composed 

 are united in the person of their sovereign, and 

 have a common army, navy, and diplomacy. 

 They are also joined in a customs-union, which 

 with the fiscal arrangements for the defrayal 

 of common expenses, is renewable every ten 

 years. Appropriations for common purposes 

 are obtained from the Delegation?, a body of 

 120 members chosen one half from the Aus- 

 trian and one half from the Hungarian Parlia- 

 ment, each upper house sending 20 and each 

 lower house 40. The sovereignty in the Aus- 

 trian or Cisleithan Empire, and in the Hungar- 

 ian or Transleithan Kingdom is hereditary in 

 the House of Hapsbnrg. The Emperor is Franz 

 Josef I, born Aug. 18, 1880, who ascended the 

 throne in 1848. The heir-apparent is the 

 Archduke Rudolf, born Aug. 21, 1858. The 

 Ministry for Common Affairs is composed as 

 follows : Minister for Foreign Affairs and of 

 the Imperial Household, Count G. Kalnoky de 

 Korospatak ; Minister of War, Lieut. Field- 

 Marshal Count Bylandt-Rheydt ; Minister of 

 Finance, Benjamin de Kallay. 



Area and Population. The area of the princi- 

 pal political divisions of the Austrian and Hun- 

 garian monarchies, and their estimated popu- 

 lation at the end of 1885, are given in the 

 following table : 



The number of births in Austria in 1885 was 

 returned as 885,201 ; deaths, 714,031 ; mar- 

 riages, 175,233 ; excess of births over deaths, 

 171,170. The number of births in Hungary in 

 384 was 753,652 ; deaths, 515,254; marriages, 

 167,404 ; natural increment of population, 238,- 

 398. The number of emigrants through the 

 German free ports in 1885, was: Austrians, 

 20,558; Hungarians, 13,195. The population 

 of Vienna, the Austrian capital, in 1880, was 

 VOL. xxvn. 4 A 



1,103,857 ; that of Buda-Pesth, the capital of 

 Hungary, in 1886, 422,557. 



The Roman Catholics form 79'9 per cent, of 

 the population of Austria proper ; the Greek 

 and Armenian Catholics, 1T5 per cent. ; Pro- 

 testants and other Christians, 1*8 per cent. ; 

 Byzantine Greeks, 2 - 3 per cent. ; Jews, 4'5 per 

 cent. In Hungary the proportions are 50 per 

 cent. Roman Catholics, 9'7 per cent. Greek 

 Catholics and Armenians, 20*6 per cent. Prot- 

 estants, 15'6 per cent. Byzantine Greeks, and 

 4'1 per cent. Jews. In/ the whole empire 67 - 6 

 per cent, of the population are Roman Catho- 

 lics, 10'6 per cent. Greek and Armenian Ca- 

 tholics, 9 % 6 percent. Protestants, 7'9 percent, of 

 the Byzantine Greek Church, and 4'3 percent. 

 Jews. According to statistics 1880, the total 

 illiterate class formed 32'59 per cent, of the 

 male and 36*08 per cent, of the female popula- 

 tion of Austria over six years of age. In the 

 lands of the Hungarian Crown 31'6 percent, of 

 the population could neither read nor write. 

 In 1883, 84-9 per cent, of the children of school- 

 age were receiving instruction in Austria, 

 while in Hungary 85*8 per cent, were attend- 

 ing school in 1885. 



Finances. The revenue in 1886 for common 

 affairs amounted to 119,724,748 florins. The 

 budget estimates for 1887 amounted to 123,- 

 855,414 florins, of which 102,055,440 florins 

 were to be provided by the contributions from 

 the two parts of the empire, 18,642,206 florins 

 derived from customs, and the rest from the 

 receipts of the ministries. The total expendi- 

 ture for the diplomatic service was set down 

 as 4,477,150 florins; the ordinary expenditure 

 for the army as 99,950,528, and the extraor- 

 dinary as 5,984,850 florins; the ordinary ex- 

 penditure of tlie navy as 9,145,009, extraor- 

 dinary as 2,171,030 and expenses of the Board 

 of Control as 128,867 florins. 



The Army. The army law of 1886 created in 

 addition to the Landwehr a Landsturm, or 

 second line of reserves. The annual recruit of 

 the regular army amounts to 94,000. The term 

 of service in the active army is three years, in 

 the regular army reserve four years, in the 

 Landwehr five years, and in the Landsturm 

 twelve years. Men who have served in the 

 regular army are liable for service in the Land- 

 sturm as commissioned or non-commissioned 

 officers up to the age of sixty. In time of war 

 the Landsturm may be drawn on to complete 

 the Landwehr regiments. The Landsturm is 

 expected to add a million men to the war-ef- 

 fective, which will nearly double the numerical 

 strength of the Anstro-Hungarian army. Three 

 army corps are to be provided with the new 

 repeating-rifle by the beginning, and seven 

 more before the end of 1888. The armament 

 of the Landwehr is to be completed ty 1891. 



The common ministry, impelled by the pre- 

 carious political situation in Europe, called an 

 extraordinary session of the Delegations in the 

 beginning of March, 1887, and obtained an ex- 

 traordinary war credit of 52,500,000 florins. 



