BRAZIL. 



71 



daughters, sailing from Port Darwin, North 

 Australia, for the Cape of Good Hope, when 

 Lady Bras&ay died of a fever. They were a 

 thousand miles from land, and her body was 

 buried at sea. 



BRAZIL. (For details relating to area, terri- 

 torial divisions, population, etc., see " Annual 

 Cyclopedia" for 1884.) 



Government. The Emperor is Dom Pedro II, 

 born Dec. 2, 1825. The Emperor went to Eu- 

 rope on June 30 for his health, and his daugh- 

 ter, Donna Yzabel, Countess d'Eu, born July 29, 

 1846, was installed Princess-Regent during his 

 absence. Her Cabinet is composed of the fol- 

 lowing ministers: President of the Council of 

 Ministers and Minister of Foreign Affairs, 

 Counsellor of State, Senator Baron de Cotegipe ; 

 Interior, Senator Baron de Mamor6; Finance, 

 Senator Francisco Behsario Soares de Souza ; 

 Justice, Deputy Wallace McDowell ; Navy, 

 Deputy Carlos Frederico Castrioto ; War, Sena- 

 tor Joaquin Delfino Ribeiro da Luz ; Agricult- 

 ure, Commerce, and Public Works, Rodrigo 

 Augusto da Silva. 



The Brazilian Minister at Washington is 

 Baron de Itajuba. The Consul-General of 

 Brazil at New York is Dr. Salvador Mendonca. 

 The American Minister at Rio de Janeiro is 

 Hon. Thomas J. Jarvis; the Consul-General, 

 H. Clay Armstrong. 



Finances. The entire indebtedness of the 

 Government up to March 31, 1887, for the 

 home debt, and up to Dec. 31, 1886, for the 

 foreign debt, was 987,391,610 milreis. Of this 

 amount, 256,951,000 milreis, or 23,552,500, 

 are under the head of gold loans, negotiated in 

 London; 72,209,000 milreis under that of the 

 two internal loans ; and 382,608,000 milreis un- 

 der that of internal consolidated indebtedness 

 in currency, 91,286,000 being besides the float- 

 ing debt, and 184,355,000 milreis paper money 

 in circulation. The internal consolidated debt 

 consists mainly of five-per-cent. " apolices," or 

 bonds, of which 381,476,000 milreis are in cir- 

 culation. Of the foreign debt, 6,430,000 rep- 

 resent the loan negotiated in 1886. 



According to the report of the Minister of 

 Finance, submitted to Parliament during the 

 summer of 1887, the income during the fiscal 

 year 1885-'86 was 124,328.000 milreis, and the 

 outlay 149,774,000. Until then the budget 

 covered the period from June 30 to July 1 ; 

 but by the law of Oct. 16, 1886, the financial 

 year is to run from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31. This 

 being the case, 1887 will cover 18 months, and 

 the budget estimate is 202,168,00,0 milreis rev- 

 enue and 229,927,000 expenditure. 



Army. The parliamentary vote relating to 

 the army in 1887 maintains its strength at 13,- 

 500 men in time of peace. Should unforeseen 

 events arise it may be increased to B0,000. 

 There are 800 cadets in the various military 

 schools. The army is recruited by voluntary 

 enrolment. Besides a premium, those entering 

 the military service are entitled to 109 square 

 metres of public land. 



Postal Service. During the fiscal year 1885-'86 

 the receipts, reduced to American money, 

 reached $950,000, against $875,000 in 1884-'85, 

 being an increase of $75,000. The expenses 

 exceeded the previous year by $45,000. 



Telegraphs. In 1887 there were in operation 

 10,610 kilometres of Government telegraphs, 

 with 18,312 kilometres of wire, the service be- 

 ing done by 171 offices. The service includes 

 25 kilometres of cable. 



Direct cable communication was established 

 in 1887 between Para and New York by the 

 Pedro Segundo American Telegraph and Cable 

 Company. The company entered into a com- 

 bination with La Compagnie telegraphique des 

 Antilles, a French corporation, the better to 

 accomplish the objects for which the company 

 was formed. In this manner the exclusive con- 

 cession was obtained of laying a cable between 

 Cayenne in French Guiana and Brazil, and an 

 exclusive contract for the interchange of busi- 

 ness with all the Brazilian land telegraph lines. 

 The French Government guarantees the com- 

 pany a subsidy of $200,000 a year. 



Lotteries. The amount of money invested in 

 lotteries by the people of Brazil in 1886 was 

 $9,140,000, not including the province of Para, 

 from which returns have not yet been re- 

 ceived. Out of this amount, $6,889,000 was 

 paid to holders of lucky tickets, resulting in a 

 loss to the gambling public of $2,251,000. 

 This loss has been sustained almost wholly by 

 the population of Rio de Janeiro, where not 

 only the tickets of lotteries, authorized by the 

 General Government are sold, but also those 

 drawn in the remotest provinces. The con- 

 cessions to hold lotteries are given for the bene- 

 fit of public works and charities, but the profits 

 of the concessionnaires in the provinces often 

 largely exceed the money accruing to the insti- 

 tutions. Thus, in 1866, the profits made by 

 concessionnaires amounted to $1,093,200, out of 

 which the institutions to be benefited received 

 only $670,400. This contrivance has at length 

 provoked interference on the part of the Minis- 

 ter of Finance, who recommends that Parlia- 

 ment pass a law reforming completely the pres- 

 ent system of granting lottery concessions. 



Commerce. On June 22, 1887, the Minister 

 of Finance issued the decree giving effect to 

 the new tariff to go into force on the 1st of 

 July. The alterations from the tariff of 1879 

 are numerous, the valuations of the 1,104 ar- 

 ticles having been revised, mostly in the direc- 

 tion of elevation, and the rates of the duties 

 raised on most manufactured articles from 

 3 to 15 per cent. 



The foreign trade movement in Brazil, includ- 

 ing specie and bullion, in milreis, was as follows : 



and the home trade was, coastwise, import 

 and export combined, as follows: 1884-'85, 

 137,552,500; 1885-'86, 136,796,600. 



