BURMAH. 



83 



ter only about 100 men, who were soon dis- 

 persed. Tok-kyan's large force was also 

 crushed,and himself driven to flight with only 60 

 followers left. Nga-kway lost 200 of his 1,500 

 men in battle, 60 being slain in one tight, and 

 after his band was broken up, offered to accept 

 the promised amnesty. The Kanhle prince 

 lost 200 men in a single combat, and was final- 

 ly driven from his teak-stockade, and after 

 collecting a fresh force, was again defeated, 

 and compelled to flee from the district. The 

 villagers in some cases beat off marauding 

 bands without assistance from the troops, and 

 sometimes dakoits were captured and sent in 

 by the head men of the villages. Many of the 

 robbers after surrendering were enlisted in the 

 new Burmese police force, and their leaders 

 were made officers. Waya-byin surrendered 

 and delivered up his arms, and was restored to 

 his former official position. Dakoits had for- 

 merly impoverished whole villages by driving 

 off all the cattle and selling them for their 

 hides and meat, and sometimes for their hides 

 alone. Large numbers of draft-oxen were also 

 taken for military purposes. The distress that 

 was caused by robbery and the devastation of 

 guerrilla warfare was, to some extent, relieved 

 by giving the people labor at good wages on 

 new roads, and on the Tonngoo Railroad. The 

 robbery of cattle was rendered unprofitable by 

 preventing the exportation of hides. 



In the north columns were placed in the field 

 against Hla-oo as soon as the troops arrived 

 from India. After numerous encounters, his 

 forces were completely broken, and at length 

 he offered to surrender on condition that he 

 should not be banished, but the British would 

 not agree to his remaining in the district. On 

 April 15, when his band was reduced to 40 

 men, who were suffering for want of food, this 

 insurgent chief was murdered in his hiding- 

 place in the jungle, near Moneganee, in the 

 Sagain district, by one of his own followers. 

 In January an expedition was sent into the 

 northern Shan country. The Sawbwa of 

 Woontho had been accorded a year of grace in 

 which to make his submission. When the 

 troops appeared he fled northward, and his 

 town was occupied by Gen. Cox. Other Sawb- 

 was of the neighborhood submitted, and were 

 confirmed in their offices by the British. The 

 Woontho-Sawbwa afterward returned with a 

 considerable force, and threatened the British. 

 Re-enforcements were sent, and about the 1st 

 of March, while the British were preparing an 

 attack in force, he agreed to their terms, de- 

 livered up a quantity of arms, and after under- 

 taking to pay a tribute of 30,000 rupees, re- 

 ceived from them investiture as Sawbwa. A 

 garrison was left in Woontho until the revenue 

 should be paid in full, and other posts were 

 held in Katha, on the north. The full amount 

 of the tribute was paid by the Bombay and 

 Burmah Trading Company for the Sawbwa, 

 but his submission was only nominal, and he 

 subsequently refused to meet the Commission- 



er of Mandalay, and fired on British troops. 

 The Sawbwa of Gouksouk, with the assistance 

 of a number of chiefs who had been supporters 

 of the Limbin prince, carried out an attack on 

 a British column that was sent into the eastern 

 Shan states in January, but was defeated. The 

 Shan confederacy began to break up in March, 

 and many of the followers of the Limbin prince 

 deserted him. In- May this prince, who was 

 the last of the Alaungpra pretenders in the field, 

 gave himself up, and was taken as a prisoner 

 of state to Rangoon. Sekyamise, another 

 prince of the royal family, raised his standard 

 in the summer, but was joined only by incon- 

 siderable bands, which were continually hunted 

 and harassed by the mounted infantry and po- 

 lice. Still another Alaungpra prince plotted an 

 insurrection in Mandalay, but was captured in 

 a house in that city with 60 other conspirators. 

 Sir Frederick Roberts returned to India in 

 February, being succeeded as commander-in- 

 chief in Burmah by Gen. Arbuthnot. The 

 most important service of Gen. Roberts for the 

 pacification of Upper Burmah was securing the 

 co-operation of the Buddhist priesthood by rec- 

 ognizing the ecclesiastical authority of the 

 regular head of the hierarchy, whereas former- 

 ly in British Burmah preference was shown to 

 a schismatic sect. Before leaving, the general 

 made a tour in Lower Burmah with the Bud- 

 dhist archbishop. A proclamation had been 

 issued at Mandalay, signed by the archbishop, 

 who counseled submission and obedience to 

 British rule, and by the commander-in-chief, 

 who offered a full pardon to all who should 

 deliver up their arms before February 16, and 

 promised work to those who submitted. Sir 

 Charles Bernard, the civil commissioner, was 

 recalled about this time, being succeeded by 

 C. H. T. Crosthwaite, formerly commissioner 

 at Rangoon. The separation of the two prov- 

 inces had already ceased, Upper and Lower 

 Burmah being placed under the same civil ad- 

 ministration. The strength of the military 

 garrison in Upper Burmah for the ensuing sea- 

 son was fixed at 16,000 men, with about the 

 same number of the new police. The police 

 force already organized consisted only of 5,000 

 Sikhs and others from Northern India and 

 3,500 Burmese, but until it could be brought 

 up to the required strength enough soldiers 

 were retained to supply the deficiency. When 

 the military force was reduced to its summer 

 strength Gen. Arbuthnot turned over the com- 

 mand to Maj.-Gen. White. In May it was de- 

 cided to increase the military police to 23,000 

 men, of whom 6,000 should be Burraans. 

 About 11,000 men had already been raised in 

 the Punjaub. Some severe encounters took 

 place in May and June between the troops and 

 the Burmans in the district where Boshway 

 was still at liberty. There were also fresh dis- 

 turbances on the other side of the river along 

 the frontier of British Burmah, but the civil 

 officer was here able to cope with the insur- 

 gents, and removed the cause of trouble by 



