CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 



CARNOT, MARIE FRANQOIS SADI. 93 



between Eastern Zul aland and Swaziland, and 

 another tract on the south, next to the Re- 

 serve, and jutting likewise into Eastern Zulu- 

 land, were added to the bounds of the republic 

 as a compensation for lands that were given 

 back to the Zulus in the center. This arrange- 

 ment was made for the sake of securing to the 

 English the main trade-route. The Boers 

 agreed to allow free passage for goods across 

 the territory of the New Republic, without 

 payment of license or transit dues, into the 

 South African Republic or Zululand. The area 

 of the New Republic is 2,700,000 acres, or 

 about half of Zululand outside of the Reserve, 

 leaving the Zulus one third of their former 

 country, and not more than one fifth of its 

 habitable portions. The Natal Legislative 

 Council complained against being excluded 

 from the negotiations. The people in Natal 

 were as desirous of securing grazing-farms and 

 collect a hut-tax in Zululand as the Boers. 

 Resolutions were passed in favor of the imme- 

 diate extension of British authority over the 

 whole of Zululand, except the Boer republic, 

 and proposing its annexation to Natal. When 

 the demarkation was begun, on Dec. 14, 1886, 

 Dinizulu, who pretended to be King of the Zu- 

 lus, with other chiefs, instigated by their white 

 friends, attempted to upset the convention and 

 have the Boers either driven out of Zululand 

 altogether, or deprived of a large slice of the 

 territory that had been conceded to them. 

 They were rebuked for their desire to reopen 

 the question. The boundary survey and de- 

 markation was completed on January 26, and 

 on the 28th the British boundary commis- 

 sioner, Mr. Osborn, summoned Dinizulu and 

 the other chiefs to ratify the settlement. They 

 were not permitted to bring any of their white 

 advocates to the meeting, or to communicate 

 with their friends in Natal. They had pre- 

 viously sent a deputation to Sir Arthur Have- 

 lock, but could only induce him to negotiate 

 with the Boers for the preservation of the 

 burial-ground of their kings at Makosini. The 

 Zulu chiefs refused to concur in the boundary, 

 in the alienation of any part of their country 

 to the Boers, or in the proposed extension 

 over the rest of it of British sovereignty, but 

 were informed that the arrangements were 

 final and could not be altered. 



A British protectorate was first proclaimed 

 over Eastern Zululand. Mr. Osborn, the Resi- 

 dent Commissioner, sent messages in February, 

 1887, to the chiefs. Umyamana, one of Cete- 

 wayo's former counselors, was the only one 

 who returned an acquiescent answer. Dini- 

 zulu and the rest made no reply. Subsequently 

 the demand for annexation grew so strong 

 among the English, that Eastern Zululand and 

 the Reserve were declared to be a British pos- 

 session from the 19th of May, 1887. Sir Ar- 

 thur E. Ilavelock was appointed Governor of 

 Zululand, and given authority to establish 

 courts and legislate by proclamation, with the 

 assistance of an advisory council, composed of 



delegated members of the Legislative Council 

 of Natal. The Queen's sovereignty was for- 

 mally proclaimed on June 21 by Mr. Osborn, 

 at Ekowe. Dinizulu and other chiefs refused 

 pensions from the British, and on August 24 

 the late King left Eastern Zululand to establish 

 his residence in the Boer republic, but subse- 

 quently returned to his former home, and, on 

 renewing his demands, was threatened with 

 punishment. 



Swaziland. The convention between Great 

 Britain and the Transvaal Republic contained 

 a stipulation that the British should not inter- 

 fere in Swaziland. The discoveries of gold in 

 Swaziland and the neighboring parts of the 

 Transvaal quickened the interest of the Eng- 

 lish in this remote region, and furnished a new 

 motive for the annexation of Zululand. The 

 Swazi King, Umbandine, had sold the lands 

 where gold was found to Boer graziers, but 

 the diggers who nocked in paid him for min- 

 ing rights, and he accepted the British doctrine 

 that he still controlled the minerals, though 

 most of his people sided with the Boers, who 

 claimed the minerals under the soil. Theoph- 

 ilus Shepstone was sent as confidential ad- 

 viser and commissioner to Umbandine, and 

 was installed on Feb. 18, 1887. The Boers 

 threatened to send a commando into the coun- 

 try in the winter, but were not upheld by the 

 Transvaal Government. Mr. Shepstone called 

 on all the farmers and miners to have their 

 claims registered, and established a tariff of 

 20 for every mineral concession, and 5 for 

 every trading license. 



Amatongaland. Preliminary steps were taken 

 for establishing a British protectorate over 

 Amatongaland. The Tonga Queen was per- 

 suaded, through fear of Portuguese encroach- 

 ments, to petition for British annexation. In 

 July, a treaty was concluded by which she 

 bound herself not to make any treaty or cede 

 any territory to a foreign power without the 

 consent of the British Government. The Por- 

 tuguese had come into conflict with the Ton- 

 gas by asserting their claims to the territory 

 north of the Maputa river, and 26 30' south 

 latitude, which was awarded to them by the 

 President of the French Republic in the Dela- 

 goa Bay arbitration on July 24, 1875. 



CARNOT, MARIE I K VMOIS SADI, President of 

 the French Republic, born in Limoges, Aug. 11, 

 1837. He is the grandson of Lazare Nicolas 

 Carnot, Minister of War in the first republic 

 from 1793 to 1797, whose genius and energy 

 in raising and maintaining the army that re- 

 pelled the allied enemies of the republic earned 

 for him the title of the " Organizer of Victor}'." 

 The son of the great Carnot, Lazare Hippolyte, 

 inherited the instincts of republicanism. He 

 became a St. Simonian, but turned from the 

 socialists of that school when they adopted 

 Enfantin's views of marriage. From 1839 till 

 1848 he was a deputy, and voted with the Ex- 

 treme Left. Under the second republic he was 

 Minister of Education, and after the fall of the 



