94 CARNOT, MARIE FRANQOIS SADI. 



CARRIERS, MECHANICAL. 



empire acted with the Extreme Left. Since 

 1875 he has been a life-senator. His son, to 

 whom he gave the Persian name Sadi while 

 interested in the study of Oriental languages 

 und literature, was educated as an engineer. 

 He entered the Ecole Polyteclmique in 1857, 

 passing fifth in his class, led the class in the 

 Ecole des Fonts et Chaussees, and completed 

 bis professional education in 1863. After be- 

 ing for some time assistant secretary to the 

 council for roads and bridges, he was ap- 

 pointed engineer at Annecy in 1864. He in- 

 troduced improvements in railroad and bridge 

 construction, and planned, among other impor- 

 tant works, the great bridge over the Rhone at 

 Collonges, near the Swiss frontier, where he 

 applied a new system of tubular foundation of 

 his own invention. On Jan. 10, 1871, he was 

 appointed prefect of the department of Seine- 

 Inferieure, and at Havre organized the national 

 defense in Normandy, being nominated com- 

 missary-extraordinary for the departments of 

 Seine-Inf6rieure, Eure, and Calvados. On 

 February 8 he was elected by 42,000 votes as 

 the representative of the department of C6te 

 d'Or in the National Assembly. He took his sent 

 with the Left, was chosen secretary of the group 

 of the Republican Left, and voted for all the 

 measures tending to the definitive establishment 

 of the republic and in favor of all the constitu- 

 tional laws. He was a member of various spe- 

 cial committees on public works and industry, 

 and advocated the bill relating to explosives. 

 In the general election of Feb. 20, 1876, he 

 was a candidate for deputy in the second cir- 

 conscription of the arrondissement of Beaune, 

 and was elected by a large majority over the 

 combined vote of his two competitors. He 

 was chosen secretary in the new Chamber, and 

 was also a member of the budget committee. 

 He was re-elected over the official candidate 

 in the election of Oct. 14, 1877, took a promi- 

 nent part in all the discussions relating to pub- 

 lic works, especially railroads and canals, was 

 several times appointed on the budget com- 

 mittee, and in 1878 was chosen to report the 

 budget of Public Works. On August 12 of 

 that year he was appointed under-secretary of 

 state in the Ministry of Public Works. In the 

 Ferry Cabinet of 1880 he was the head of that 

 ministry, and prosecuted important works, on 

 the development of which he had been engaged 

 while Secretary of State. He was for a time 

 Minister of Finance in 1882. In 1885, M. de 

 Freycinet again called him into the Cabinet. 

 He first took the portfolio of Public Works, but, 

 on the retirement of M. Clamegeran, became 

 Minister of Finance. In that office he had the 

 same trouble with the budget as his predeces- 

 sors, and was unable to induce the budget com- 

 mittee of the Chamber to adopt his general 

 recommendations. Among other propositions 

 that were defeated was one that he made to 

 allow the Panama Canal Company to issue lot- 

 tery bonds. He gained much credit for refus- 

 ing to refund 75,000 francs of stamp duties that 



the banker Dreyfnss claimed were illegally ex- 

 acted, retiring from the ministry in December. 

 1886, when President Gr6vy insisted on the 

 restitution. On Oct. 4, 1885, he was again 

 elected deputy for the Cote d'Or. Sadi-Carnot 

 has hitherto made himself conspicuous only 

 by his professional accomplishments, and has 

 never been a political leader, but he has won 

 exceptional esteem by reason of his unques- 

 tionable integrity. On the retirement of Pres- 

 ident GreVy, the two great Republican orators, 

 Ferry and Freycinet, were the principal candi- 

 dates for the succession. In the first trial 

 ballot of the Republican senator? and deputies 

 on the morning of Dec. 3, 1887, the former re- 

 ceived 200 and the latter 193 votes, Brisson 

 coming next with 81, and then Sadi-Carnot 

 with 69. The election of Ferry threatened to 

 produce a popular disturbance, and Freycinet's 

 supporters, when they saw that his chance was 

 hopeless, decided to give their votes to Carnot. 

 When the Congress met in the afternoon, Sadi- 

 Carnot received on the first ballot 303 votes, 

 Ferry 212, Gen. Saussier 148, Freycinet 76, 

 Gen. Appert 72, Brisson 26, and other candi- 

 dates 31. MM. de Freycinet and Ferry then 

 withdrew in favor of Sadi-Carnot, who was 

 elected on the second ballot by 616 votes, Gen. 

 Saussier receiving from the Conservatives 186. 

 President Caruot's wife is a daughter of Dupoiit 

 White, who translated John Stuart Mill's works 

 into French. Their family consists of four 

 girls. M. Carnot has himself published a 

 translation of Mill's essay on " The Revolu- 

 tion of 1848, and its Detractors" (Paris, 

 1875). 



CARRIERS, MECHANICAL. The term "store- 

 service," first appeared in the Patent- Office 

 "Gazette" in 1879, in connection with the in- 

 vention of Joseph C. White, of New York, 

 hereafter described, and two years afterward 

 William S. Lamson, of Lowell, Mass., patented 

 a "cash-carrier." Since that time about 300 

 patents have been issued in -the United States 

 alone bearing upon devices for the ready trans- 

 mission of cash and small parcels in retail shops 

 or other establishments where such service is 

 required. At present one or another system 

 is in use in a great many of the large mlrrcan- 

 tile houses where there is likely to be a rush of 

 customers at certain hours or seasons. Almost 

 every ingenious boy has at one time or another 

 constructed some sort of rudimentary carrier, 

 if only a match-box running upon a thread 

 and pulled back and forth between the adjacent 

 desks of school-room intimates. More com- 

 plete structures are often seen stretching be- 

 tween the windows of neighboring houses in 

 the country, and sometimes across city streets. 

 But to Mr. Lamson apparently belongs the 

 credit of having first brought skilled mechani- 

 cal construction to bear upon the problem, and 

 introduced cash-carriers as part of the neces- 

 sary equipment of modern retail stores. Sev- 

 eral companies now exist for the manufacture 

 of these carriers, and the business is of such 



