EDUCATION, INDUSTRIAL. 



235 



with the schools there is much home-work in 

 the families of the pupils. Parents' meetings 

 are held regularly, and in summer the superin- 

 tendent takes his colony of pupils to Sherman, 

 Pa., to give those whose lives are passed in the 

 city certain elementary impressions of nature, 

 without which, as a foundation, the important 

 study of natural history can not be built up. 



The College of the City of New York was 

 the second institution in New York to intro- 

 duce manual training into its curriculum. In 

 1883 a workshop was opened, in which the 

 students might spend certain hours, and since 

 1885 there has been a regular mechanical 

 course, including manual training, which ex- 

 tends over the entire three years, and may be 

 taken by any student. For those who are un- 

 able to take the full college course of five 

 years, there is a shorter course of three years, 

 called the mechanical course, in which the 

 time is about equally divided between academic 

 studies and drawing and workshop practice. 

 The student, in the five-years' course, can take 

 extra shop-work instruction four and a half 

 hours a week, after the regular exercises of 

 the day. Experience has proved that the ad- 

 ditional hours in the shop do not overtax or 

 in any way hamper the student's regular work. 

 It has generally proved beneficial as exercise 

 and recreation. In 1886 there were 185 stu- 

 dents in the workshops, their ages ranging from 

 fourteen to twenty-one years. The annual 

 cost of this instruction is about $8,600, about 

 $100 of which is spent for materials. The cost 

 of the plant has been about $8,450, including a 

 steam-engine and boiler, which are used for 

 ventilating and warming the college buildings. 



With the exception of the many free, chari- 

 table schools that give special training in cer- 

 tain industries, and are in receipt of money 

 from the public-school fund, the college had 

 up to about Jan. 1, 1888, the only manual 

 training-classes under the control of the New 

 York Board of Education. But the kinder- 

 garten is established in the first six grades of 

 the primary schools, industrial drawing is 

 taught in the evening schools and in the schools 

 where children of foreign parentage are in- 

 structed in the English language ; and in Octo- 

 ber, 1887, the board decided to try experiment- 

 ally in all the grades above the kindergarten 

 of a few schools the introduction of a new 

 system, combining manual training with the 

 more purely intellectual studies, which, if suc- 

 cessful, will be adopted for all the common 

 schools of the city. 



Although, with the exception of Prof. 

 Adler's school, New York has been in point of 

 time behind many cities in providing for in- 

 dustrial education, it has now, even before the 

 experiment has yet been put into operation in 

 the public schools, more institutions of this 

 kind than any other place in the country. Be- 

 sides those already mentioned, it has three 

 corporate schools devoted to this work. viz.. 

 the Industrial Education Association, the He- 



brew Technical Institute, and the Gramercy 

 Park School and Tool-House. The Industrial 

 Education Association, No. 9 University Place, 

 was organized with its present name and object 

 in 1884. Its devotion to industrial education 

 as defined at the beginning of this article is 

 wholly educational, and not charitable, and is 

 on a broader basis than any other institution 

 in the country. As yet it is no more than 

 started in its actual working, but its purposes 

 are to unite all the work in this direction in 

 the various parts of the city, to influence and 

 educate public opinion in favor of it, to give 

 instruction in the kindergarten and all branches 

 of industrial education, to maintain free 

 courses of lectures on this and other educa- 

 tional topics, and to provide a complete free 

 educational library and reading-room and issue 

 circulars of information on educational topics 

 of the day. In 1886 the association moved into 

 its present quarters, and, with ample room and 

 excellent equipment, entered on its enlarged 

 scale of work, in all branches of which it has, 

 within two years, made a successful beginning. 

 Through its instrumentality industrial draw- 

 ing, clay-modeling, wood-carving, carpentry, 

 and sewing have been introduced into the pub- 

 lic schools of Hoboken and Staten Island, with 

 a fair degree of success. During the summer 

 of 1887 a large part of the work in the associ- 

 ation's building was suspended, on account of 

 alterations to provide for more extensive work 

 in the autumn. With the beginning of the 

 second year, a normal college in kindergarten 

 and industrial education was opened, and in 

 connection with it a model school for boys and 

 girls between the ages of three and fifteen 

 years. The schools have begun with 38 nor- 

 mal students, 16 of whom are taking the full 

 course, 35 children in the regular model 

 courses, and 55 others in special instruction. 



The Hebrew Technical Institute, at 34 and 

 36 Stuyvesant Street, is a manual training- 

 school for Jewish boys. It was established in 

 1884 by the present director, Henry M. Leip- 

 ziger, for the purpose of turning the attention 

 of the Hebrew youth toward industrial pur- 

 suits and giving them a general preparatory 

 education for entering the trades. Instruction, 

 tools, and materials are free. There is an en- 

 rollment of about 100 pupils in five classes, 

 averaging 20 pupils each. Pupils are admitted 

 at twelve years of age, and are expected to have 

 reached the fourth grade in the city public 

 schools. The hours are from 9 till 4 o'clock 

 daily, and special instruction in wood-carving 

 is given from 4 to 6 o'clock on Mondays and 

 Thursdays. The course of instruction is made 

 up of common-school studies, drawing and 

 mechanical work. The full course covers three 

 years, during the first two of which the prin- 

 ciples of many trades nre taught, with a knowl- 

 edge of materials, use of tools, etc. In the 

 third year, first work in special trades, selected 

 with reference to the aptitudes and preferences 

 of the pupils, is taught. 



