236 



EDUCATION, INDUSTRIAL. 



The Gramercy Park School and Tool-House 

 is a pay-school, in which the theoretical and 

 practical are harmoniously combined in a 

 course of study that is extended over twelve 

 years, and is based on the three essential divis- 

 ions of culture or education, physical, intellec- 

 tual, and moral. The course of study, which 

 was originated and developed by Prof. G. von 

 Taube, is adapted to the characteristics shown 

 respectively in the four natural stages of brain 

 development. For the first two of these pe- 

 riods, which comprise six years and take the 

 child up to about thirteen years of age, the 

 course is designated as objective. In the first 

 three years, or junior objective grade, no 

 books are used. Very few are used in the next 

 three years, or senior objective grade, most of 

 the lessons being worked out with the teacher. 

 The course covering the third and fourth 

 stages is more purely intellectual, and is di- 

 vided into the junior subjective, for the ages of 

 about fourteen to eighteen, and the senior sub- 

 jective, for the student of the highest grade, 

 whose graduates may be about twenty-one 

 years of age. A course of objective and sub- 

 jective studies, elaborated on this basis, is held 

 by Mr. von Taube as the true system of educa- 

 tion, and aims to provide a complete business 

 and social training, or a thorough preparation 

 for the scientific course in the American col- 

 leges or foreign polytechnia. One general 

 course is followed for all in the lower or ob- 

 jective classes, but separate courses for each of 

 the higher or subjective classes. As the school 

 was founded in 1884, there has not been time 

 for a student to complete the full course; but, 

 so far as it has been tested, the system is re- 

 garded as eminently successful. 



St. Louis. The Manual Training School of 

 the Washington University at St. Louis, Mo., 

 was the first school established in this country 

 for the sole purpose of providing a graded 

 -course of non-technical study for boys of the 

 high-school age, adapted as equally as possible 

 to intellectual and manual training. The plan 

 was in a sense original, and from the first its 

 success has been so great that it has served as 

 a model for many similar schools in various 

 States. It is a non-classical high - school, 

 where, in a three years' course, the essential 

 mechanical principles of all trades are taught, 

 without going into the details of any trade, 

 where articles are not made for sale, and 

 where all shop - work is disciplinary. The 

 school exacts close and thoughtful study with 

 tools as well as with books. By lengthening 

 the usual school-day a full hour, and by 

 abridging somewhat the number of daily reci- 

 tations, time is found for drawing and tool-- 

 work, and a more liberal, intellectual, and 

 physical development. In short, a more sym- 

 metrical education is given than can be afford- 

 ed in the usual high-school. This school was 

 established as an experiment by the Board of 

 Directors of the University, to meet the mani- 

 fest need of some such education among the 



growing boys of St. Louis. Under the charge 

 of its present director, Prof. C. M. Woodward, 

 it was opened with about fifty pupils in Sep- 

 tember, 1880. Sixty-seven pupils were en- 

 rolled during the first year, 107 during the 

 second, 176 during the third, at the close of 

 which there were 29 graduates. In the fourth 

 year 201 were enrolled, 29 being graduated in 

 1884; in the fifth, 218 were enrolled, 39 being 

 graduated in 1885 ; the sixth year's enrollment 

 was 233, with 45 graduates in 1886; the sev- 

 enth year's enrollment, 225, with 52 graduates 

 in 1887. The course of instruction covers three 

 years and embraces five parallel lines, three 

 purely intellectual and two both intellectual 

 and manual, and including literary studies, 

 free-hand and mechanical drawing, and me- 

 chanical exercises in the shop, together with 

 instruction about tools and their use. Each 

 wood- working shop has uniform accommoda- 

 tions for a class of 24 pupils, and the entire 

 building is admirably equipped with apparatus 

 for the most practical instruction, which is 

 given similarly to laboratory lectures. The 

 school is supported by endowments and by fees 

 paid by its pupils. 



Chicago. The Chicago Manual Training 

 School, which is similar to that of St. Louis, 

 was the second institution of its kind in this 

 country. It was founded as the private en- 

 terprise of the Commercial Club of Chicago, 

 which in 1882 subscribed $100,000 u to inau- 

 gurate a school for instruction and practice in 

 the use of tools, with such instruction as may 

 be deemed necessary in mathematics, drawing, 

 and the English branches of a high-school 

 course." It is substantially a duplicate of the 

 St. Louis school, but, unlike that, is independ- 

 ent of all other institutions. It was opened 

 in February, 1884, under the charge of its 

 present director, Henry H. Belfield, when 72 

 pupils, all that could be accommodated, were 

 admitted. In September, 1886, its capacity 

 was increased, and a junior, or first year's class 

 of 96 was admitted. It is supported by the 

 endowment of the Commercial Club and by 

 its tuition fees. 



The Chicago Public Training School offer- 

 ing manual training as a part of public-school 

 instruction, was opened in October, 1886. For 

 the first year it was only a school of carpentry. 

 Its plans for the future are not yet definitely 

 arranged, but its work will be upon a broad 

 basis and probably provide a four years' course 

 in combined intellectual and manual training. 

 During the first year the attendance was 72 

 pupils, whose ages ranged from twelve to six- 

 teen years. It is open to pupils of the first year 

 in the three city high-schools, and the sessions 

 are five afternoons in the week. Attendance 

 is optional, and, by arrangement of the study- 

 hour in the high schools, the pupil loses noth- 

 ing from his regular studies by taking this ad- 

 ditional course. 



Toledo. The Manual Training School of 

 the Toledo University, Toledo, Ohio, also a 



