EDUCATION, INDUSTRIAL. 



237 



school of the St. Louis type, was established 

 in February, 1885, as the first department of 

 the Toledo University. It was founded by 

 Mr. and Mrs. Jesup W. Scott and others as the 

 Toledo University of Arts and Trades, but was 

 subsequently deeded to the city, which, in 

 accepting it, passed an ordinance establishing 

 a "university for the promotion of free edu- 

 cation of the youth of both sexes within the 

 city," of which this school should be the be- 

 ginning. The director, Prof. R. H. Smith, is a 

 graduate of the St. Louis school, after which 

 this has been modeled in many respects, but 

 with certain changes. The course is more 

 elaborate than in any of the previously named 

 schools of the West. It covers four years, and 

 includes domestic economy for girls. The 

 lowest age of admission is thirteen years, and 

 no pupil is received who has not reached the 

 senior grade of the grammar-school. Tuition 

 is free to residents of Toledo. During 1886-'87 

 the attendance was 270, boys and girls. In 

 drawing, girls take much the same course ns 

 the boys, modified by a little more of the design 

 and art element. In the first year, girls take 

 simple wood-carving, and enough of carpen- 

 try to teach them the manipulation and sharp- 

 ening of tools. Their work in this department 

 compares favorably with that of the boys. In 

 the second year the girls take cookery. It 

 is proposed hereafter to teach sewing in the 

 second year, and cooking in the third. It is 

 al?o proposed to add this year a number of 

 senior grammar pupils of the highest grade. 

 The students who enter this school have no 

 election as to particular studies. Each must 

 conform to the course as laid down, and take 

 every branch in its order. But in the evening 

 high-school, opened soon after the day-school, 

 the students can elect such branches as meet 

 their tastes or have direct bearing upon their 

 occupations, although a full course is provided, 

 which is much the same as that of the day- 

 school. 



Baltimore. The Baltimore Manual Training 

 School was the first established by any munici- 

 pality of the United States as an integral part 

 of its public-school system. The accommo- 

 dations, fittings, and course of study in this 

 school, as well as its aims and purposes, are 

 similar to those of the St. Louis and Chicago 

 schools. Intellectually, the school is on a level 

 with the city college, from which it differs in 

 affording scientific instruction and actual prac- 

 tice in the care and use of tools, in giving 

 prominence (o mechanical drawing, in having 

 more practical methods of teaching book- 

 keeping, physics, and chemistry, and in omit- 

 ting from its required studies foreign and 

 ancient languages. It was opened in March, 

 1884, with sixty students, and under the general 

 direction of the present principal, John D. 

 Ford, P. A. E., U. S. K The enrollment in- 

 creased to 100 before the close of the year, 

 and to 150 in the following September. In 

 1886-'87 there were 281 students, of whom 25 



were graduated in June after the full three- 

 years' course, while 100 had left before gradu- 

 ation, to take employment as wage- workers. 

 The year 1887-'88 opened with 268 students. 

 A preparatory class has been established since 

 the school was opened, and in Nov., 1887, an 

 unclassified night-school was opened for the 

 winter months, to give as much of the work 

 laid down in the catalogue as possible to those 

 who wish to take these studies but are engaged 

 during the day. In establishing this training- 

 school, the city council provided that admission 

 to it should be regulated by the law governing 

 the ordinary public schools, excepting that 

 the Board of Education should regulate the 

 age of admission and have power to set terms 

 of tuition for pupils outside of the city, and 

 that the use of tools and materials for the city 

 pupils should not exceed $1 for the scholastic 

 quarter. 



Philadelphia. The Manual Training School of 

 Philadelphia provided for boys is one depart- 

 ment of an extensive system of industrial 

 education now being developed in the public 

 schools of that city. It was opened in Sep- 

 tember, 1885, in one of the school-buildings, 

 which was fitted up for the purpose, and is 

 filled to its utmost capacity. Pupils who have 

 finished the grammar-school course are admit- 

 ted by examination once a year. The course 

 of three years includes systematic manual 

 training similar to that in the Western schools, 

 and in addition a course of instruction in the 

 English language, mathematics, mechanics, 

 elementary science, history, and social science, 

 and free-hand and mechanical drawing. Three 

 hours a day are given to school-work, one 

 hour to drawing, and two hours to manual 

 train'ng in the workshops. The Industrial 

 Art School, which was originally in the hands 

 of a private association, was adopted by the 

 Philadelphia Board of Education in 1882, when, 

 with some important changes in its course of 

 instruction and terms of admission, it was 

 made a free school for boys and girls. Pupils 

 from all grades of the regular grammar-schools 

 and some classes of the secondary schools, 

 have the opportunity, if they wish, to receive 

 class instruction there in free-hand designing, 

 modeling in clay, wood-carving, and metal- 

 work, including hammering, embossing, find 

 chasing. The total attendance is about 600, 

 about 160 pupils being received at once, and 

 each having two hours' instruction a week. 

 Other branches of industrial education in the 

 Philadelphia public-school system consist of 

 the kindergarten, which were adopted Jan. 1, 

 188T, and of which 30 are in operation this 

 year; of instruction in sewing, which has 

 been in the schools since about 1882, and, 

 thoroughly systematized, now forms a part oi' 

 the regular school-work of all the grades of 

 the girls' schools, beginning with the third 

 grade, so that 25,000 girls received the instruc- 

 tion in 1887; and the cooking-classes. These 

 were begun as an experiment in the autumn of 



