238 EDUCATION, INDUSTRIAL. 



EGYPT. 



1 887 in the girls' normal or high school, from 

 which, if successful, it will be extended into 

 the girls' grammar-schools. 



The mechanical training department of Gi- 

 rard College, in Philadelphia, is one of the best 

 planned and conducted manual-training schools 

 in this country. The present course of study 

 was adopted in 1886, and has thus far resulted 

 so well that the trustees t'cel every encourage- 

 ment to continue and improve it. "Every 

 branch indicated by Mr. Girard is taught, and, 

 although six hours of the week of the thir- 

 ty-two heretofore devoted to study are now 

 spent in the mechanical shops, we find that, 

 owing to the change of pursuit, the boys get 

 through as much work and as well in the 

 twenty-six hours as they did formerly in thirty- 

 two." The course embraces the whole range 

 of mechanical drawing, carpentry and wood- 

 turning, foundry, forge, and iron-work; but it 

 differs from nearly all other schools of this 

 kind in the arrangement of the plan of instruc- 

 tion. The pupil first makes his drawing from 

 the object some simple article or piece of 

 machinery. This drawing he takes to the 

 wood-working and turning department and 

 works out a model to scale as a pattern. This, 

 after it is approved, he takes to the molding- 

 room and makes ready for casting, which is 

 done in lead or iron. Then he carries his 

 metal casting to the metal bench, where, with 

 chisel and file, and at an advanced stage with 

 the lathe, he completes his article. He then 

 begins again in the draughting-room with 

 something a little more complicated, and fol- 

 lows the same course as before. The method 

 has proved eminently successful. 



Montrlair, Jf. J. This was one of the first 

 places in the country to introduce manual 

 training into the various grades of the public 

 schools. The experiment of a carpentry-class 

 was first tried, with a plant costing $350, in 

 1882. Since then it has steadily grown and 

 improved. The teacher is a carpenter and 

 skilled mechanic. The instruction is given to 

 all the grammar-school boys of the fourth, third, 

 and second grades, whose ages are from ten 

 and one half to fourteen years. Girls are in- 

 structed in sewing in their class-rooms by their 

 regular cla^s teachers while the boys of their 

 classes are in the shop. Pupils of the high- 

 school, the highest grade of the grammar- 

 school, and the primary departments do not 

 receive this training. 



Cleveland, Ohio. Here a simple start has been 

 made in a private enterprise which, in view of its 

 almost certain adoption or absorption into the 

 public-school system, is about to be enlarged, 

 and in its control, general course of instruction, 

 etc., will resemble the institution at Toledo. 

 Even in 1887 no pupils were admitted who 

 could not pass an examination equivalent to 

 that required for admission to the local high- 

 school. 



Industrial education is also in some way pro- 

 vided for or encouraged in some of the schools 



of New Haven, Conn. ; Moline and Peru, and 

 Cook County Normal School, Normal Park, 

 111.; in Milford and Springfield, Mass.; in the 

 State Normal School at New Britain, Conn. ; 

 in Omaha, Neb., Eau Claire, Wis., Barnes- 

 ville, O., and in San Francisco, Cal. 



EGYPT, a principality in northern Africa, 

 tributary to Turkey. The reigning sovereign, 

 called the Khedive, is Mohammed Tewtik, born 

 in 1852, who succeeded to the throne Aug. 8, 

 1879, on the abdication of his father, the Khe- 

 dive Ismail. The President of the Council of 

 Ministers and Minister for Foreign Affairs is 

 Nubar Pasha, who is also Minister of Justice. 

 The Minister of the Interior is Mustapha 

 Fehmi Pasha, who is at the same time Minis- 

 ter of War and of the Marine. The Minister 

 of Public Works and Minister of Public In- 

 struction ad interim is Abderrahrnan Rushdi 

 Pasha. The Minister of Finance is Mohammed 

 Zeki Pasha. Mustapha Fehmi Pasha was for- 

 merly Minister of Finance, but exchanged that 

 department for the Ministry of the Interior and 

 of War on the retirement of Abd-el-Kader 

 Pasha in March, 1887, being succeeded by 

 Zeki Pasha, previously Minister of the ffiakfs, 

 or religious estates. 



Area and Population. Egypt proper extends 

 as far south as Wady Haifa, at the second cata- 

 ract of the Nile. This place has been pro- 

 visionally agreed upon as the southern bound- 

 ary of the Egyptian dominions, which former- 

 ly extended nearly to the equator. 



The total area of Egypt, not including the 

 still occupied territories of the Soudan, is com- 

 puted by the general staff t,o be 1,021,354 square 



