248 ELECTIONS, LAWS, ETC. 



EMERY-WHEELS. 



than once for each office. The ballots shall be num- 

 bered and the corresponding number written on the 

 poll-list opposite the names of the voters, and said 

 poll-lists and ballots shall be preserved and returned 

 with the return of each district. Every person claim- 

 ing to be a Republican who voted for the Republican 

 candidate at the last preceding election at which he 

 voted, and declares his intention to support candi- 

 dates nominated at such primary election, shall be en- 

 titled to vote, and every person challenged, or whose 

 vote is doubted by any election officer, shall be sworn 

 as to the qualifications aforesaid and his oath shall be 

 returned with the return of said district. Any person 

 entitled to cast his first vote at the succeeding general 

 election shall be entitled to vote on pledging himself 

 to support the ticket nominated at such primary elec- 

 tion. 



3. After the polls are closed, the board shall pro- 

 ceed to count the votes that each candidate has re- 

 ceived and make out the returns accordingly, to be 

 certified to by the judge and attested by the clerks. 

 It shall be the duty of the persons holding the primary 

 election, as soon as the count is completed in each 

 district, to make a public announcement of the result, 

 and also to post upon the door of the election-house a, 

 statement signed by the election officers, showing 

 the votes received by each candidate voted for at saia 

 election. 



4. The judge ; or one of the clerks appointed by the 

 judge of eacli district, shall meet at the court-house at 

 Meadville, on the same day following the primary 

 meetings, at 1 o'clock p. M., having the certified re- 

 turns ana lists of voters, and the person having the 

 highest number of votes for any office shall be de- 

 clared the regular nominee of the Republican party. 

 Whenever any return from any district shall show 

 any more votes, exclusive of the number of persons 

 casting their first vote at such election, than were cast 

 by the district for the last preceding Republican can- 

 didate for Governor or President, such excess shall be 

 deducted from such return, said deductions to be taken 

 pro rata from the vote returned from the district lor 

 the respective candidates for each office at said pri- 

 mary election. 



5. Any two or more persons having an equal num- 

 ber of votes for the same office, the return judges 

 shall proceed to ballot for a choice, the person having 

 the highest number of votes to be the nominee. 



6. The convention of return judges shall have the 

 power to reject all fraudulent votes from the returns 

 of any district, and where frauds have been commit- 

 ted or allowed by the board of election of such a na- 

 ture and extent that it is impossible to determine the 

 true vote of a district, the convention may reject alto- 

 gether the return from such district. 



7. The return judges shall have power to appoint 

 conferees, senatorial' and congressional, or either, as 

 the case may be, who shall be recommended to sup- 

 port the person who shall have received the highest 

 number of votes cast for that office in the county. 



8. The return judges may, at any time, change this 

 mode of selecting candidates as they may be instructed 

 by the people at the primary meetings, due notice of 

 such proposed change having been given by the 

 county committee. 



9. It shall be the duty of the chairman of the 

 county committee to issue a call for the primary 

 meetings in pursuance of the action of the county 

 committee, to print and distribute blanks for returns, 

 poll-lists, and oaths, as required by the foregoing 

 rules. It shall be the duty of the chairman of the 

 county committee to call a meeting on the request in 

 writing often members. 



Under the rules printed above, the names of 

 all the candidates for each office who have 

 given due notice of their candidacy are printed 

 on the ticket to be used at the primaries. The 

 blanks include one for a statement of the vote 

 for each candidate at each primary, a tally- 



sheet for the use of judges and clerks of elec- 

 tion, a return-sheet to be sworn to and be 

 forwarded to the return judges, a blank for re- 

 cording the names of every voter, a blank affi- 

 davit to be subscribed by voters whose politics 

 are in doubt, and another for the judges and 

 clerks, and envelopes for forwarding the re- 

 turns. 



The Clarion County Plan. This is named from 

 Clarion County, Fa. It allows each ward and 

 township represented in a Republican primary 

 one vote for each 50 votes cast at the last elec- 

 tion for the Republican candidate for Gov- 

 ernor. At the primary elections the voters 

 cast their votes directly for candidates not 

 only for tirst choice, but for second and third 

 choice also. They elect a delegate to the 

 county convention, who is also the representa- 

 tive of the ward or town on the county cen- 

 tral committee. The delegate is required to 

 cast the vote of his constituency as already 

 expressed for the several candidates. For in- 

 stance, if the ward cast 500 votes for Governor 

 it would be entitled to 10 votes for each office 

 to be filled without regard to the aggregate 

 number of votes or the number of votes for 

 each candidate cast at the primary election. 

 If the convention is to nominate a candidate 

 for Congress, the delegate will cast the 10 votes 

 of his ward or township for the candidate who 

 had the highest number of votes as tirst choice 

 so long as he remains a candidate. If this 

 candidate is retired, the 10 votes must be cast 

 for the candidate who has the highest number 

 of votes for second choice at the primary elec- 

 tion so long as he remains a candidate, etc. 

 At the convention the candidate having the 

 smallest number of votes on the first ballot is 

 dropped and the votes cast for him go to some 

 other candidate, and so on until one has a ma- 

 jority. In this way a nomination is certain to 

 be made on the second or third ballot. 



EMERY-WIIEELS. A generation ago the uses 

 of emery were confined to the polishing and 

 grinding processes possible with powders of 

 various degrees of fineness. Every woman 

 had in her work-basket a little cushion or bag 

 of powdered ernery, to remove particles of rust 

 from her needles. Mechanics used the same 

 powder in various forms, such as emery-paper 

 and emery cloth, the powder being fixed to the 

 cloth or paper by means of glne. Wheels 

 were made with the periphery covered with 

 emery-powder, and polishing sticks and rods, 

 similarly covered, are still in common use. 

 The new industries and mechanical processes, 

 so universal to-day, are of comparatively re- 

 cent origin, and have grown out of the obvious 

 advantages resulting from the introduction of 

 solid emery-wheels. Twenty years ago these 

 wheels were few, and were viewed with dis- 

 trust by mot workmen, owing to real or fan- 

 cied imperfections of manufacture, and con- 

 sequent danger to the workman. A long 

 series of experiments wa tried before even 

 approximate perfection was attained. To se- 



