EMIN PASHA. 



251 



forces toward the Upper Nile, his natural line 

 of retreat, and thus succeeded in retaining his 

 sway over the southern and eastern districts of 

 the ancient province of the equator. 



Dr. Junker, the Russian explorer, left Emin 

 Bey on Jan. 1, 1886, and after encountering 

 many dangers reached Europe. It was his 

 account that called the attention of the world 

 to the perilous position of Emin. It was 

 known that in the spring of 1882 Emin went 

 down the Nile to Khartoum to consult in re- 

 gard to the Mahdi, but was instructed to re- 

 turn to his provinces and defend himself as 

 best he could. This he did, but he was gradu- 

 ally forced to relinquish outlying stations, 

 though losing ground only on compulsion, and 

 at last accounts he was at Wadelai, near Lake 

 Albert Nyanza. His last letter contained the 

 following : " I am glad to be able to tell you 

 that the province is in complete safety and 

 order. It is true that the Bari gave us some 

 little trouble, but I was soon able to restore 

 order in their district. Since I last wrote you 

 all the stations have been busily employed in 

 agricultural work, and at each one considerable 

 cotton has been planted and is doing well. 

 This is all the more important for us, as it en- 

 ables us to a certain extent to cover our naked- 

 ness. I have also introduced the shoemaker's 

 art, and you would be surprised to see the 

 progress we have made. We now make our 

 own soap, and we have at least enough meat 

 and grain, so we have sufficient to keep life 

 going. Such luxuries, however, as sugar, etc., 

 of course we have not seen for many a long 

 day. I forgot to say that we are growing 

 most splendid tobacco. . . . Our relations 

 with Kabraga, King of Unjoro, have still con- 

 tinued friendly. He has also had the goodness 

 to send my letters to Mr. Mackay in Uganda, 

 and has permitted me to buy several necessary 

 articles from the Zanzibar Arabs who live in 

 his country." 



Since that period Emin's position has not 

 become any worse, as Dr. Junker succeeded in 

 sending him from Uganda $2.000 worth of cot- 

 ton goods, and afterward goods were bought 

 by Emin's agents in Uganda, while, under date 

 of Dec. 18, l'886, he wrote to Dr. Junker that 

 King Mwanga allowed him to buy goods from 

 Zanzibar merchants, and that he obtained per- 

 mission to have ammunition and provisions. 

 sent to him from Zanzibar. 



This part of the continent forms one of the 

 large plateaus that give Africa its peculiar 

 character. An immense highland occupies the 

 continent south of a line drawn from Abys- 

 sinia to the Niger. Its rim is formed by mount- 

 ain-ranges that fall off in terraces toward the 

 sea. A depression, indicated by the valleys 

 of the Kunene and Zambezi, separates the 

 plateau of South Africa from that of Central 

 Africa. The eastern side of the latter consists 

 of high mountain-ranges and plateaus. This 

 mountainous district contains the sources of 

 all the rivers of Central Africa except the 



southern tributaries of the Congo, which come 

 from the water-shed between the Congo and the 

 Zambezi. Emin has explored the greater part 

 of his territory. He made his first excursion 

 in 1876, with Gordon. In 1877 he went from 

 his station of Lado to Lake Mwutan, passing 

 by Dufileh, and returning by way of Unjoro 

 and Rubaga. In 1880 he explored the Makraka 

 country, in 1881 the Lattuka territory east of 

 the Nile, and in 1882 the Uelle. He is a hard 

 worker, passing long hours in his office, gives 

 receptions, makes inspections, and when his 

 official occupations allow him leisure he writes 

 his memoirs and the results of the geographical, 

 physical, ethnographical, and metallurgical ob- 

 servations made during his frequent tours of 

 inspection, transmitting them, whenever some 

 trader passes, to the German scientific reviews. 

 His present stations include Lado, Redjaf, Bed- 

 den, Keri, Labos, Dufilah, Fatkio, and Wadelai. 

 On receiving Dr. Junker's account of the 

 situation of Emin, a great deal of feeling was 

 aroused in England and Germany and in Egypt, 

 and the necessity of fitting out a relief expedi- 

 tion was universally conceded. Different plans 

 were proposed ; but, while King Leopold of 

 Belgium and the Khedive of Egypt were both 

 willing to assist, nothing positive was done until 

 a Mr. Mackinnon, of Glasgow, and some other 

 Scotchmen subscribed a fund of $100,000, and 

 called for Henry M. Stanley to take charge of 

 it, and undertake the expedition. Stanley was 

 engaged at that time in a lecturing-tour in the 

 United States, but immediately canceled all his 

 engagements and sailed for England, and in 

 ten days left for Zanzibar by way of the Suez 

 Canal. This was on Feb. 3, 1887. Twenty 

 days after arriving in Zanzibar, the relief ex- 

 pedition sailed in the steamer " Madeira," by 

 way of the Cape of Good Hope, to the mouth 

 of the Congo. The expedition included 61 

 Soudanese, 13 Somalas, 620 natives of Zanzi- 

 bar, 3 interpreters, and 40 of Tippoo Tib's fol- 

 lowers. With Tippoo Tib, the great Arab slave- 

 trader, Stanley succeeded in making an agree- 

 ment by which he was to accompany him as 

 second in command, an arrangement that was 

 pronounced by the London " Times " " a mas- 

 ter stroke." Tippoo Tib, an ivory- and slave- 

 hunter, is a most powerful factor in Central 

 Africa. In men and means his resources are 

 said to be practically unlimited. His agents 

 are found in all directions throughout the coun- 

 try, while he has factors in Muscat and India, 

 to whom every year he sends vast stores of 

 material for trade. The Stanley expedition ar- 

 rived at Cape Town on March 9, and proceed- 

 ed on the following day to the Congo river. 

 In the mean time news had been received at 

 Zanzibar from Emin Pasha, to the effect that 

 in the preceding November he went to Uganda, 

 and that King Mwanga refused to permit him to 

 go through his country. Then Emin tried to ef- 

 fect a passage at Karagwa, on the western shore 

 of Lake Victoria Nyanza : but in this also he 

 failed. He then returned to Wadelai, leaving a 



