304 



GEOGRAPHICAL PEOGEESS AND DISCOVEEY. 



the Wanga or Umbe river, pass direct to Lake Jipe, 

 along its eastern and northern shores, across the Lumi 

 river, dividing midway the districts of Taveita and 

 Chag^a, then along the northern slope of the Kili- 

 mandjaro range, and be carried on in a straight line to 

 a point where the first degree of south latitude meets 

 the eastern shore of Victoria Lake. Germany engages 

 to claim no territory north of this line, to assume no 

 protectorate and to make no opposition to the exten- 

 sion of the English influence there ; and Great Brit- 

 ain makes the same agreement regarding the territory 

 south of the line. 



4. Great Britain will use its influence to forward a 

 friendly agreement concerning the Kilimandjaro ter- 

 ritory between the Sultan of Zanzibar and the Ger- 

 man East African Company. 



5. Both powers recognize as belonging to Witu the 

 coast from Kipini northward to Manda Bay. 



6. Germany and Great Britain will conjointly call 

 upon the Sultan of Zanzibar to accede to the general 

 act of the Berlin Conference, the existing rights of his 

 Highness being reserved, according to the specifica- 

 tions of Article I of the act. 



7. Germany engages ' to accede to the declaration 

 made by Great Britain and France, March 10, 1862, 

 regarding the recognition of the independence of the 

 Sultan or Zanzibar. 



The private claims of the German East Af- 

 rican Company on the territory granted to 

 Great Britain are not affected by this treaty, nor 

 are the acquisitions in Somali Land from Tana 

 to the Gulf of Aden. The German protector- 

 ate has heretofore extended only over TJseguha, 

 Ukami, Nguru, and Usagara. It is intended to 

 cultivate tobacco, coffee, and cotton in the 

 German territory, and a "Plantation Com- 

 pany " with a large capital has been founded 

 for the purpose. A survey for a railway is 

 soon to be begun. 



Germany thus becomes the next neighbor 

 of Portugal on the coast, and a treaty has been 

 made with this power also regarding bounda- 

 ries. According to this treaty the southern 

 boundary of Angola is marked by the course 

 of the Kunene from its mouth to the second 

 cataract in the Chella or Kanna mountains; 

 thence by the parallel of latitude of the falls 

 to the Kubango ; thence by the course of that 

 stream to Andara ; then by a straight line to 

 the Zambezi at the Eapids of Katima. The 

 northern boundary of Mozambique is marked 

 by the course of the Eovuma to its junction 

 with the Msinje; thence by the parallel of lati- 

 tude to Nyassa. 



Letters from Lake Tanganyika can now 

 reach England in about three montha, the Lon- 

 don Missionary Society having established a 

 monthly mail from the lake to Zanzibar. 



In the early days of July, Dr. Hans Meyer 

 made the first ascent of Kibo, the westerly and 

 highest peak of Mount Kilimandjaro from the 

 southeast, accompanied for most of the dis- 

 tance by Herr von Eberstern. Passing the 

 highest points reached by Johnston and Count 

 Teleki, he climbed to an immense field strewed 

 with broken ice-blocks, and found himself con- 

 fronted by a blue wall of ice from thirty-five to 

 forty metres in height, presumably the outer 

 wall of the crater. This barrier is impassable 

 to a single climber without apparatus or help 



of any kind, and Dr. Meyer had to content 

 himself with the satisfaction of having reached 

 what should be the edge of the crater without 

 the privilege of looking into it. He thinks it 

 altogether probable that the glacier fills it en- 

 tirely. Observation showed that the wall of 

 ice surrounds it on the northeast as well as the 

 east and south sides. Dr. Meyer found to his 

 regret afterward that the north side of the 

 mountain was almost entirely free from the 

 snow which stretched in great fields over the 

 route traversed by him and his companion, and 

 added greatly to the hardships of the ascent. 

 The height reached was about 6,050 metres. 



The political changes in the lands to the 

 south of Abyssinia have led to several journeys 

 of exploration in the interest of trade and 

 plans for opening the best routes of communi- 

 cation. M. Eimbaud, a French merchant, has 

 made a report of a new and direct route which 

 he followed in returning to Harrar from En- 

 totto. He does not, however, share the views 

 of some earlier travelers as to the commercial 

 value of this region, and doubts whether the 

 railroad which has been planned to Lake Assal 

 for transporting salt, will not meet with such 

 great engineering difficulties as to render it an 

 unprofitable enterprise; neither does he be- 

 lieve in the possibility of navigating the Ha- 

 wash, even at the season of highest water. 

 He recommends the route from Sela by way 

 of Harrar to Shoa, because it avoids the lands 

 of the lawless Danakil and passes through 

 the more fertile regions to the southward. 

 The country of the Itu-Galla is a plateau 

 about 2,500 metres high, covered with fine 

 pastures and great forests, and is well adapted 

 to European colonization by its fertility and 

 the mildness of its climate. 



Italy is gradually extending her sway along 

 the African coast of the Ked Sea. She has full 

 possession of the colony on Assab Bay, which 

 was extended northward to Cape Dermah by 

 the annexing of BeiM and Gobbi in 1884. 

 The southern boundary is not definitely settled, 

 but includes the sultanate of Eaheita. The 

 stretch of coast from Cape Dermah in the south 

 to the Buri peninsula in the north is under the 

 Italian protectorate, and the Dahlak Islands 

 and the vicinity of Massuah from the Buri pen- 

 insula to Emberemi north from Massuah are 

 under Italy's control. 



Lake Suai, in the southern part of Shoa, has 

 been supposed to be without an outlet ; but it 

 has been visited by Count Antonelli and Dr. 

 Traversi, who discovered an outlet from the 

 southern shore. It is called Shushuki T and 

 after forming some smaller lakes it flows into 

 Lake Ocah, and leaving that makes its way to 

 the Bhilate, a tributary of the Wabi. 



L. Eobecehi, an Italian engineer, explored 

 the northeastern part of the Libyan Desert in 

 an adventurous journey begun in the autumn 

 of 1886. The route taken, from Alexandria 

 along the coast to Eas-el-Kanais and over the 

 oasis Garah to Sivvah, was not new; but it is 



