HAWAII. 



351 



natural resources of the country. The sugar- 

 crop of 1886 was the largest ever obtained, 

 amounting to 115,000 tons. The crop of 1887 

 was estimated at 100,000 tons. 



The commerce of the Hawaiian Kingdom is, 

 in proportion to its population, without an 

 equal in the world. The exports for 1885 were 

 about $125 per head of the population, New 

 South Wales coming nest in importance with 

 about $60. The imports during 1885 were 

 about $50 per head of the population. The 

 imports and exports for the last four years were 

 valued, in round numbers, as follow: 



The United States monopolizes nearly the 

 whole of the foreign trade. In 1886 94 per 

 cent, of the total foreign commerce was with 

 the United States, the volume of commercial 

 transactions with this country having been 

 $14,414,751. The United States imported 

 merchandise of the value of $4,002,000, while 

 $370,000 of the imports came from Great Brit- 

 ain, $266,000 from China and Japan, $94,000 

 from Germany, $11,000 from France, and 

 $135,000 from other countries. Of the exports 

 $10,324,000 went to the United States, while 

 Germany took $12,000, and other countries 

 $4,000. The importation of coin and bullion 

 in 1886 was $1,142,946 and the exportation 

 $43,277. The export of sugar has increased 

 from 3,006,000 pounds in 1862 to 142,655,000 

 pounds in 18S4, 171,350,000 pounds in 1885, 

 and 216,223,000 pounds in 1886. The export 

 of rice increased from 111,000 pounds in 1862 

 to 9,535,000 pounds in 1884, but has since 

 fallen off to 7,367,000 pounds in 1885 and 

 7,339,000 pounds in 1886. The export of 

 coffee was 146,000 pounds in 1862, but only 

 4,000 pounds in 1884, 2,000 pounds in 1885, 

 and 6,000 pounds in 1886. The export of wool 

 was 40,000 pounds in 1862, 408,000 pounds in 

 1884, 474,000 pounds in 1885, and 419,000 

 pounds in 1886. There were 58,040 bunches 

 of bananas exported in 1884, 60,046 in 1885, 

 and 45,862 in 1886. The number of hides of 

 cattle and skins of calves and goats exported 

 in 1862 was 68,537; in 1884, 49,306; in 1885, 

 47,636 ; and in 1886, 61,740. The official re- 

 turns for 1885 show a sugar production of 

 171,350,314 pounds, out of which the United 

 States took 171,346,625 pounds. The crop of 

 rice for 1885 was large, though it fell short of 

 the production of the four preceding years, 

 The United States consumed 7,362,200 pounds 

 out of a total production of 7,367,253 pounds. 

 The entire exports of fresh bananas, of goat- 

 skins, 19,782; hides, 19,045; and sheep-skins, 

 8,783, were consumed by America. The crop 

 of wool, amounting to 474,121 pounds, was 

 exported to England. 



Navigation. The port of Honolulu is the 

 main entrepot, $4,460,255 of the imports and 

 $8,490,295 of the exports having passed through 

 it in 1886. Among the 310 vessels, of 223,372 

 tons, that were entered at Honolulu in 1886, 

 there were 226 American vessels, of 132,660 

 tons; 33 English vessels, of 35,296 tons; 8 Ger- 

 man vessels, of 4,278 tons ; 35 Hawaiian ves- 

 sels, of 43,848 tons ; and 8 others, of 6,290 tons. 



The merchant marine in 1886 numbered 58 

 vessels, of 13,529 tons. Of these, 15 were 

 steamers. 



Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs. There were 

 32 miles of railroad in operation in 1887, com- 

 prising a line from Mahukona across the dis- 

 trict of Kohala, 20 miles in length, and one 

 from Hilo to Waiakea, 5 miles long, both in the 

 island of Hawaii, and another from the port of 

 Kahulaui to Haiku and Makawao, on the island 

 of Maui, about 7 miles in length. The exten- 

 sion of the line on the island of Hawaii to four 

 times its present length is in contemplation, 

 and a subsidy has been voted by the Legis- 

 lature. 



The post-office, from April 1, 1884, to March 

 81, 1886, forwarded 1,369,049 letters and cards, 

 and 1,311,470 newspapers and circulars. The 

 receipts were $63,674, and the expenditures 

 $76,347. 



The first telegraph line, 40 miles in length, 

 was opened from Wailuku to Lahaina on Maui 

 in 1878, and has since been extended over the 

 entire surface of the island. There are 100 

 miles of telephone on the island of Oahu and 

 90 miles between Hilo and Kawaihae on the 

 island of Hawaii, besides lines on the other 

 principal islands. Nearly every house and 

 place of business in Honolulu has a telephone. 



The Reign of King Kclakaun. Kalakaua began 

 his reign with useful acts and benevolent re- 

 solves. His policy was declared in a speech 

 that he made shortly after his accession to be 

 "to increase the nation," and measures were 

 taken to promote immigration. The attempt 

 to introduce laborers from other Polynesian 

 islands proved a failure. The Portuguese who 

 were introduced were, however, most useful 

 colonists, capable of performing all kinds of 

 labor, notwithstanding the enervating climate 

 which impairs the energies of men of northern 

 countries. The Chinese poured into the coun- 

 try of their own accord. Although they con- 

 tributed greatly to develop the productive re- 

 sources of the country, they soon produced 

 dissatisfaction, because, while remaining a for- 

 eign community and being for the major part 

 only temporary residents, they soon acquired 

 property, became planters and traders, and not 

 only obtained possession of the lands of the 

 unthrifty Kanakas, but proved unwelcome com- 

 petitors to the Americnn and European plant- 

 ers. In 1876, Avhile King Kalakaua was visit- 

 ing the United States, the reciprocity treaty 

 was concluded, admitting Hawaiian raw sugar 

 into the United States and many American 

 products into the Sandwich islands free of 



