380 



EXPORTS. Value. 



Grain and pulse .. 17,608,113 



Raw cotton 10,777,204 



Opium 10,735,513 



Seeds 9,948,350 



Hides and skins . . 5,334,602 



Indiffo 8,783,160 



Jute 4,355,362 



Tea 4,306,133 



Cotton, manufact- 

 ured 3,635,510 



Coffee 1.348,395 



Jute manufactures 1,130,808 



INDIA. 



EXPORTS. Value. 



Sugar 525,412 



Wool 872,821 



Raw silk and co- 

 coons 832,251 



Silk, manufactured 329,583 



Lac 585,123 



Wood, and manu- 

 factures of 611,008 



Oils 895.562 



Other arLicles .... 4,120,816 



Total 80,734,781 



The imports into Bengal amounted to 22,- 

 623,418; into Lower Burmah, 3,436,500 ; into 

 Madras, 4,552,108; into Bombay and Sind, 

 36,577,355 ; the exports from Bengal, 33,- 

 211,524; from Lower Burmah, 6,780,819; 

 from Madras, 8,306,568; from Bombay and 

 Sind, 36,616,766. The imports of treasure in 

 the year ending March 31, 1886, 15,477,800, 

 and the exports to 1,087,837. Of the imports, 

 3,091,540 were gold and 12,386.529 silver; 

 of the exports, 328,606 were gold and 779,- 

 631 silver. The totals of merchandise and 

 precious metals do not include the government 

 stores and treasure, of which the imports were 

 3,844,329 and the exports 73,823 in value. 



The import and export trade was divided 

 among foreign nations and Great Britain and 

 her colonies in 1885-'86, as follows, the imports 

 and exports of merchandise being given in 

 pounds sterling: 



pastes, such as are largely manufactured in 

 Italy. There was an exportation to Hong- 

 kong of Bombay cotton twist of the value of 

 2,360,000, while direct shipments to the 

 treaty-ports of China amounted to 500,000. 

 This strong yarn is woven by hand in China 

 into the cloth that is ordinarily worn by the 

 men of that country. The exports of articles 

 of food and of manufactured articles showed 

 an increase. The exports of wheat were the 

 largest on record, amounting to 1,113,166 tons,^ 

 which was 5 - 71 per cent, in excess of those of 

 18#5-'86. The exports of cotton amounted to 

 13,460,000, and the jute exports to 4,870,- 

 000. 



According to the conclusions reached by Mr. 

 Smeaton, director ot agriculture for the North- 

 west Provinces in regard to the competition 

 between Indian and American wheat, it is not 

 in prime cost that India is at a disadvantage. 

 For the same outlay she can raise nearly & 

 per cent, more grain than America, and of not 

 much inferior quality ; while she has resources 

 enough in area and labor to raise sufficient 

 wheat to supply the entire demand of the 

 British market. India, Mr. Smeaton thinks, 

 possesses means to compel America to with- 

 draw her hostile tariffs and to open her mar- 

 kets to the products of British industry, but 

 she is burdened in the struggle with America 

 by, first, a primary railway freight about 25 

 per cent, higher; secondly, an extra railway 

 freight of 5 per cent, on ballast; thirdly, a 

 further extra freight on bags; fourthly, ex- 

 cessive handling ; and, fifthly, she brings into 

 the English market an article inferior in ap- 

 pearance, though on the whole not much in- 

 ferior in quality, to the rival one. 



Navigation. The total number of vessels en- 

 gaged in foreign trade that entered and cleared 

 at ports of British India with cargoes and in 

 ballast in 1885-'86 was as follows : 



In addition to the trade by sea, as given in 

 the above tables, there is a considerable trade 

 by way of the land frontiers. The imports 

 amounted to 5,331,403 in 1885, and the ex- 

 ports to 4,552,996. Of the imports, Upper 

 Burmah contributed 2,023,933; Nepaul, 1,- 

 405,519; Cabul, 241,345; and Thibet, 24,- 

 097. The same countries participated in the 

 export trade in like proportions. 



The imports of American kerosene in 1886- 

 '87 amounted to over 29,000,000 gallons, ex- 

 ceeding any previous importation. There were 

 also received the first consignments of Baku 

 oil from Batoum, the quantity being 1,500,000 

 gallons. The Russian oil is said to be safer 

 than the American kerosene that is shipped 

 to the East, having a higher flashing-point. 

 There was a large exportation of wheat to 

 Italy in 1886-'87, valued at 2,070,000, which 

 was due to a short crop in Russia. The In- 

 dian wheat is adapted for maccaroui and other 



The number of steam-vessels which entered 

 Indian ports via the Suez Canal in 1874 was 

 317, of 434,152 tons; in 1884, 839, of 1,405,- 

 007 tons; in 1885,726, of 1,264.105 tons; in 

 1886, 773, of 1,336,638 tons. Cleared in 1874, 

 306, of 382,375 tons; in 1884, 1,091, of 1,746,- 

 785 tons; in 1885, 923, of 1,553,446 tons; in 

 1886, 1,039, of 1,722,003 tons. 



In the coasting-trade 110,343 vessels, of 

 7,293,462 tons, entered, and 107,963 vessels, 

 of 7,153,499 tons, cleared in 1884-'85. 



Railroads. The railroad mileage on March 

 31, 1887, was 13,390. The number of passen- 

 gers in 1886 was 88,436,318, against 80,864,- 

 779 in 1835. The number of tons of freight 



