394 



ITALY. 



in behalf of Iowa against Cleveland's attempted sur- 

 render of the rebel battle-flags. 



The Democratic Convention met early in Sep- 

 tember, and nominated for Governor, T. J. 

 Anderson; for Lieutenant-Governor, J. M. 

 Elder; for Justice of the Supreme Court, 

 Charles F. Fogg ; for Superintendent of Public 

 Instruction, H. W. Sawyer. The following is 

 a part of the platform adopted : 



We commend the action of the Democratic members 

 of the Twenty-first General Assembly in supporting 

 the Cassatt bill and the bill against the holding of 

 lands by non-resident aliens, and we pledge our can- 

 didates to the support of these measures m the next 

 Legislature. 



We are opposed to all sumptuary legislation, and in 

 favor of the repeal of the present prohibitory liquor 

 law, and the substitution in its stead of a local option 

 and carefully guarded license law ; with a minimum 

 license-fee of five hundred dollars for the better con- 

 trol of the liquor-traffic. 



We believe that the railroad companies are public 

 corporations, and therefore subject to public control. 

 "We demand such legislation by Congress and the 

 State Legislature as will apply to State and interstate 

 transportation of freights and passengers, the princi- 

 ples of the Reagan bill, viz. : All rates shall be reason- 

 able and shall be made public. No discriminations 

 against individuals or localities. No rebates or draw- 

 backs. The same charge for the same service to all 

 persons and no higher charge for a less than for a 

 greater service. Prohibition of pooling in every form. 

 Equal facilities and opportunities to all shippers. We 

 oppose the free transportation of any and favor the 

 cheap transportation of all. We believe that the first- 

 class roads can profitably carry passengers at two 

 cents per mile, and we demand a law restricting them 

 to such a charge. We are opposed to special tribunals 

 for the settlement of railroad questions, and especially 

 to such tribunals having power to suspend the laws of 

 the land. We therefore favor the abolijtion of all such 

 tribunals, and believe that the ordinary courts of the 

 country should be vested with full power to enforce 

 the just obligations of the companies and to award ade- 

 quate damages to persons injured by their violation. 



Every citizen of the State is entitled to vote, and his 

 vote should be as effective as the vote of any other 

 citizen. We denounce, as in violation of this inherent 

 right and as a practical disfranchisement of the ma- 

 jority of our people, the infamous gerrymander made 

 by tne Republicans in the last General Assembly, by 

 which a small minority of the people were vested with, 

 the full control of the law-making power, and we 

 pledge our best endeavors to restore the representation 

 according to population and the right of the majority 

 to rule. We cordially invite the co-operation with us 

 of all persons in accordance with these principles in 

 our endeavor to carry them into effect. 



At the election in November, the Republican 

 ticket was successful. Gov. Larrabee received 

 168,784 votes; Anderson, 152,918; Cain, 11,- 

 612 ; and V. G. Farnham, the Prohibition can- 

 didate, 67 votes. The plurality of Gov. Larra- 

 bee was 15,866 against 6,979 in 1885. Both 

 houses of the Legislature of 1888 will be 

 strongly Republican, the Senate having 32 Re- 

 publicans, 17 Democrats, and 1 Independent; 

 the House 63 Republicans, 33 Democrats, and 

 4 Independents. 



ITALY, a kingdom in Southern Europe. On 

 March 17, 1861, the law was promulgated by 

 virtue of which Victor Emanuel II took for 

 himself and his descendants the title of King 

 of Italy. The Constitution of the old kingdom 



of Sardinia, adopted on March 4, 1848, was ex- 

 tended to the whole of Italy. The executive 

 power is exercised by the King through his min- 

 isters, who are responsible to Parliament, which 

 consists of a Senate, nominated by the King, 

 and a Chamber of Deputies, elected by all male 

 citizens over the age of twenty-one, who can 

 read and write, and pav taxes to the amount of 

 19 lire, or $3.66. In" 1886, out of 2,420,000 

 electors, 1,407,000 actually voted. There are 

 508 deputies, elected by scrutin de lute in 135 

 electoral districts. 



The King is Humbert I, born March 14, 1844, 

 who succeeded to the throne on the death of 

 his father, Victor Emanuel, on Jan. 29, 1878. 

 The heir-apparent is Victor Emanuel, Prince 

 of Naples, the only son of the King, who was 

 born Nov. 11, 1869. 



The ministry, at the beginning of 1887, was 

 composed as follows: President of the Coun- 

 cil and Minister of the Interior, Agostino De- 

 pretis; Minister of Finance and the Treasury, 

 Agostino Magliani ; Minister of Foreign Af- 

 fairs, Gen. Carlo Felice Nicolis di Robilant; 

 Minister of Justice and of Ecclesiastical Affairs, 

 Diego Taiani; Minister of War, Gen. Cesare 

 Ricotti-Magnani ; Minister of Marine, Bene- 

 detto Brin ; Minister of Commerce, Industry, 

 and Agriculture, Bernardino Grimaldi ; Minis- 

 ter of Public Instruction, Michele Coppino; 

 Minister of Public Works, Francesco Genala. 



Area and Population. The official estimate of 

 the area of Italy is 296,323 square kilometres, 

 but a more recent computation makes it 286,- 

 588 square kilometres. The population on 

 Dec. 31, 1886, was estimated at 29,943,607. 



The number of marriages in 1886 was 233,- 

 099, against 233,931 in 1885; births, 1,126,- 

 464, against 1,165,258; deaths, 882,642, against 

 826,505; surplus of births, 243,822, against 

 338,753. The emigration in 1886 was 167,829, 

 against 157,193 in 1885, 147,017 in 1884, 169,- 

 101 in 1883, and 161,562 in 1882. The emi- 

 grants to European countries numbered 80,- 

 406, of whom 35,706 went to France, 19,166 

 to Austria, 13,181 to Hungary, and 4,346, the 

 next largest number, to Switzerland. There 

 were 4,540 emigrants to Tunis, Algeria, and 

 Egypt, and 717 to other parts of Africa and 

 to Asia and Oceania. The emigration to 

 American countries in 1886 was 82,166, against 

 72,490 in 1885, 55,467 in 1884, and 63,388 in 

 1883. The Argentine Republic received 38,- 

 583 emigrants in 1886 and 40,054 in 1885, and 

 other parts of South and Central America 15,- 

 143 in 1886 and 19,340 in 1884. The emigra- 

 tion to the United States and Canada was 28,- 

 640 in 1886, 13,096 in 1885, 10,847 in 1884, 

 21,337 in 1883, and 18,669 in 1882. 



Of the total number of emigrants 85,355 are 

 classed as permanent and 82,474 as temporary 

 or periodical. The emigrants over fourteen 

 years of age numbered 70,093, of whom 44,013 

 were peasants, 11,426 of these being women. 

 As compared with other countries the emigra- 

 tion from Italy, which was 294*4 out of every 



