ITALY. 



100,000 inhabitants in 1886, was less than in 

 Ireland, where 1,253-7 out of every 100,000 

 persons emigrated ; England, where the pro- 

 portion was 524'9; Scotland, where it was 

 641*2; or Denmark, where it was 302-9; but 

 it was greater than in Germany, where it was 

 163-7. 



The most populous cities and their popula- 

 tion in 1881, when the last census was taken, 

 are as follow: Naples, 463,172; Milan, 295,- 

 543; Rome, 273,268; Turin, 230,183; Palermo, 

 205,712; Genoa, 138,081; Florence, 134,992; 

 Venice, 129,445 ; Bologna, 105,998. 



At the time of the census the number of for- 

 eigners in Italy was 59,956, of whom 16,092 

 were Austrians, 12,104 Swiss, 10,781 French, 

 7,302 English, 5,234 Germans, 1,387 Russians, 

 1,286 Americans, and the rest mainly Greeks, 

 Spaniards, Turks, Belgians, and Swedes. 



The population was divided between the 

 principal conditions and occupations in 1881 

 as follows: Agriculture, 8,173,382; manufact- 

 uring industries, 4,185,461 ; without occupa- 

 tion, 4,725,681 ; no occupation stated, 1,580,- 

 975 ; investors, etc., 962,881 ; employes and 

 domestics, 713,405; transportation, 313,011; 

 commerce, 279,773; raising of animals, 244,- 

 452; civil administration, 170,652; clothing 

 trades, 151,094; national defense, 160,155; 

 public worship, 131,585; workmen, 129,829; 

 prisoners and paupers, 129,681 ; instruction, 

 79,795 ; horticulture, 73,339 ; sylviculture, 59,- 

 651; sanitary service, 59,717; mining, 59,512; 

 fishing and hunting, 48,241 ; fine arts, 35,624; 

 commercial travelers, 34,450; justice, 28,250; 

 literature and science, 19,775. The number of 

 proprietors of land and buildings was 4,133,- 

 432, of whom 1,399,965 were females. 



Commerce. The total value of merchandise 

 imports in 1886 was 1,469,300,000 lire, and of 

 exports 1,066,800,000 lire. The imports of ce- 

 reals were valued at 240,500,000 lire, an in- 

 crease of 65,100,000 lire over 1885, while the 

 exports were 36,900,000 lire in value, being 

 5,800,000 lire less than in 1885. The imports 

 of wines and liquors were 19,000,000 lire, show- 

 ing a decrease of 9,400,000 lire, and the exports 

 were 90,100,000 lire, an increase of 28,700,000 

 lire. The imports of sugar and groceries showed 

 a decrease from 101,300,000 to 41,100,000 lire. 

 Tobacco imports increased from 20,800,000 to 

 31,500,000 lire. The imports of vegetables and 

 fruits were 22,200,000 lire and the exports 61,- 

 200,000 lire ; imports of animals and animal 

 food products, 99,700,000 lire; exports, 88,- 

 300,000 lire. The imports of coal amounted 

 to 71,700,000 lire; exports of stone and min- 

 erals, 56,500,000 lire; imports of metals, 79,- 

 100,000 lire; imports of hides, hair, and leather, 

 55,400,000 lire; exports, 14,700,000 lire; im- 

 ports of textile materials, 182,000,000 lire, as 

 compared with 164,900,000 lire in 1885; ex- 

 ports, 368,400,000 lire, as compared with 310,- 

 300,000 lire. The total imports of raw mate- 

 rials were 457,600,000 lire in value, as com- 

 pared with 434,400,000 lire in 1885 ; the total 



exports, 463,300,000 lire, as compared with 

 414,400,000 lire. The imports of manufact- 

 ured articles fell off from 409,200,000 to 389,- 

 300,000 lire. The imports of textile manufact- 

 ures were 176,800,000 lire, showing a decrease 

 of 19,400,000 lire, and of yarns 44,000,000 lire, 

 showing a decrease of 6,000,000 lire. The im- 

 ports of machinery and vehicles, valued at 

 39,000,000 lire, showed a decrease of 5,800,000. 

 There was a slight decrease in the imports of 

 pottery and glass, while other articles showed 

 an increase, which was greatest under the head 

 of jewelry and art-objects, which were import- 

 ed to the amount of 28,300,000 lire, against 

 18,400,000 lire in 1885. The exports of manu- 

 factured articles declined from 143,600,000 lire 

 in 1885 to 136,300,000 lire in 1886. There was 

 an increase in the exports of textile fabrics 

 from 26,300,000 to 29,400,000 lire, and in yarns 

 from 11,600,000 to 14,700,000 lire ; also in jew- 

 elry and objects of art from 30,600,000 to 32,- 

 000,000 lire. All other articles showed a fall- 

 ing off, which was greatest in metal manufact- 

 ures, which declined from 6,400,000 t%600,000 

 lire, and in wood manufactures, which declined 

 from 16,700,000 to 9,700,000 lire. The imports 

 of the miscellaneous class fell off from 247,800,- 

 000 to 168,400,000 lire, and the exports from. 

 287,100,000 to 186,500,000 lire, although under 

 the head of oils there was an increase of exports 

 from 52,900,000 lire in 1885 to 83,700,000 lire 

 in 1886, and a slight increase under the head 

 of drugs, dyes, and chemicals, the exports of 

 which amounted to 46,600,000 lire. The im- 

 ports of coin and bullion amounted to 41,600,- 

 000 lire in 1886, against 27,600,000 lire in the 

 preceding year; the exports to 9,300,000 lire, 

 against 10,*300,000 lire. The commerce of 1 886 

 ' was divided among foreign nations as follows, 

 the values being given in lire or francs : 



Navigation. The number of vessels engaged 

 in ocean-commerce entered at Italian ports 

 in 1886 was 16,068, of 6,106,767 tons. Of 

 these, 9,324, of 1,497,003 tons, sailed under 

 the Italian flag, and 6,744,- of 4,609,764 tons, 

 under foreign flags. The number of vessels 

 entered with cargoes was 18,670, of 5,342,084 

 tons. The steamers entered numbered 5,577, 

 of 5,062,812 tons, comprising 983 Italian steam- 

 ers, of 799,666 tons, and 4,594, of 4,268,146 

 tons, belonging to other nations. The coasting- 

 vessels entered were 92,504 in number, the 



