OBITUARIES, FOREIGN". 



639 



end of 1848, when he was made director. He 

 tendered his resignation at the coup d'etat, yet 

 in 1853 he obtained his retiring allowance, and 

 devoted himself to historical studies. He wrote 

 a " History of the Restoration," which ap- 

 peared in twenty volumes. He was the oldest 

 member of the French Academy, of which he 

 was elected a member in 1873. 



Viseher, Friedrieh Theodor, a German philoso- 

 pher, born in Ludwigsburg, Wurtemberg, June 

 30, 1807; died in Gmunden, Sept. 15, 1887. He 

 was educated at the Stuttgart Gymnasium, 

 studied theology at Tubingen, and visited the 

 principal German cities for the examination of 

 their artistic treasures. After teaching theolo- 

 gy for three years at Tubingen, he became ex- 

 traordinary professor of philosophy there in 

 1837, traveled in Italy and Greece, and was 

 made full professor in 1844, but was dismissed 

 from that post in 1846 on account of his opin- 

 ions as a free thinker. Shortly after his res- 

 toration to his post in 1848, the revolution 

 broke out, and he was elected deputy to the 

 National Parliament. In 1855 he was made 

 professor at the cantonal high-school, and at 

 the Federal Polytechnic School of Zurich, 

 Switzerland, but in 1866 returned to Wurtem- 

 burg as Professor of ^Esthetics and German 

 Literature both at Tubingen at the Stuttgart 

 Polytecnic School. His principal works were 

 a treatise on " ^Esthetics, or Science of the 

 Beautiful" (6 vols., 1847-'57), "The Sublime 

 and the Comic "(1857); "Faust; the Third 

 Part of the Tragedy " (1862) ; " Epigrams from 

 Baden-Baden " (1862) ; " The German War of 

 1870-'71 " a heroic poem ; and " Fashion and 

 Cynicism "(1879). His great work on "^Es- 

 thetics" presents an analysis of the metaphysi- 

 cal sources of the sense of the beautiful, and 

 had for its basis a philosophical system that 

 was idealistic, and yet diverged from the meth- 

 ods of thought that had been taught by his 

 master, Hegel. 



Volckraar, Wilhelm, a German organist and 

 composer, born in Hersfeld, Hesse, in 1812; 

 died in Homburg, Sept. 3, 1887. He was the 

 son of a musician, and was early taught the 

 piano, organ, violin, and other instruments. 

 He was organist and teacher of mu^ic in vari- 

 ous places, and about 1836 became Professor of 

 Music at the Homburg Seminary in Hesse. He 

 composed fantasias, fugues, quartets for strings, 

 and vocal pieces, a collection of which was 

 published in London in 1881. He also pub- 

 lished a series of collections of German choral 

 melodies from the time of the Reformation, 

 with valuable historical notes, of which three 

 volumes were issued (1845-'65). 



Ynlpian, Edme Felix Alfred, a French physiologist, 

 born in France, Jan. 5, 1826 ; died in Paris, 

 May 18, 1887. He was the son of a distin- 

 guished lawyer, and was graduated in medicine 

 in 1854. Soon after he was appointed to the 

 Museum of Natural History, where he conducted 

 a series of investigations on the nervous system. 

 In 1867 he was appointed Professor of Patho- 



logical Anatomy to the Faculty of Medicine in 

 Paris, and in 1872 was transferred to the chair 

 of Comparative and Experimental Pathology, 

 becoming in December, 1875, Dean of the 

 Medical Faculty. He was accused during the 

 empire of holding materialistic views, but was 

 called in to attend the Comte de Chambord, 

 when the latter was dying at Frohsdorf. Dr. 

 Vulpian was an ardent champion of the Pasteur 

 treatment, and taxed his colleagues of lack of 

 patriotism in questioning the safety of the 

 intensive treatment, which has since been aban- 

 doned. In 1869 he was elected to the Academy 

 of Medicine, nd in 1876 to the Academy of 

 Sciences. He was given the Cross of the Legion 

 of Honor in 1869, and was made an officer in 

 1878. Dr. Vulpian was the author of various 

 medical works, among which are: u Des Pnen- 

 monies Secondaires " (1860) ; " Lecons sur la 

 Physiologic G6nerale et compared du Systeme 

 Nerveux " (1866) ; " Lecons eur 1'Appareil 

 vasomoteur" (1874); "Clinique medicale de 

 l'H6pital de la Charite " (1878) ; and "Maladies 

 du Systeme nerveux" (1879). 



Wagner, Moritz Friedrieh, a German ethnologist, 

 born in Bayreuth, Bavaria, Oct. 13, 1813 ; died 

 in Munich, Bavaria, in May, 1887. In early 

 youth he entered a counting-house at Mar- 

 seilles, whence he visited Algeria, and acquired 

 such a taste for travel that he made it thence- 

 forth the business of his life. After studying 

 the natural sciences, especially zoology, at 

 Paris, he returned to Algeria, and traveled for 

 two years in all parts of the colony, after 

 which he published u Travels in the Regency 

 of Algiers from 1836 to 1838" (3 vols., Augs- 

 burg, 1841). In 1843-'46 he made long ex- 

 plorations in the Caucasus and Armenia, and 

 in Persia and Kurdistan in 1851-'52. He 

 spent three years in North America with Karl 

 von Scherzer, then three years in South Amer- 

 ica, giving special attention to Panama, Chiri- 

 qni, and the Ecuadorian Andes. In 1860 he 

 returned to Munich, and was made honorary 

 Professor of Geography at the university and 

 keeper of the new Ethnographical Museum. 

 He there devoted himself to prehistoric archae- 

 ology, and discovered abundant lacustrine 

 habitations in the Starnberg See and other 

 Bavarian lakes. His books include: "The 

 Caucasus and the Cossack Country" (1847); 

 " Travels in Persia and Kurdistan " (1852-'53) ; 

 " Travels in North America " (3 vols., 1854) ; 

 "The Republic of Costa Rica "(1856); "On 

 the Origin of Lacustrine Habitations in Bava- 

 ria" (1867); "The Topography, Object, and 

 Age of Lacustrine Habitations" (1867); "The 

 Darwinian Theory and the Law of the Migra- 

 tion of Organisms" (1868) ; " The Influence of 

 Geographical Isolation and Colonization on the 

 Morphological Variations of Organisms " 

 (1871) ; " New Contributions to the Darwinian 

 Controversy " (1871) ; " The Natural Process 

 of Species-Formation" (1875); and a great 

 work entitled " Natural History Travels in 

 Tropical America " (1870). 



