OBITUARIES, FOEEIGN. 



Werder, August Carl Leopold, Count von, a Ger- 

 man soldier, born at Schlossberg, East Prussia, 

 Sept. 12, 1808; died in Pomerania, Sept. 13, 

 1887. He was descended from an ancient and 

 noble family, and was the son of a lieutenant 

 of dragoons. Educated in the military schools 

 of Glogau and Berlin, he became an officer of 

 the Topographical Corps, and was sent as a 

 commissioner with the Eussian army, then in 

 conflict with the mountain tribes of the Cau- 

 casus, and was wounded at Kefar. He was 

 rapidly advanced in rank, becoming a lieuten- 

 ant-general in 1866, when he bore a conspicu- 

 ous part in the Bohemian campaign of Prince 

 Frederick Carl, and in the victories of Gitchin 

 and Sadowa. In the Franco-Prussian War of 

 1870-'71, Gen. Werder was the virtual com- 

 mander-in-chief of the Third German Army, 

 nominally under the direction of the Crown- 

 Prince of Germany, and took part in the bat- 

 tle of Worth. He directed the siege of Stras- 

 burg, and when the garrison capitulated he 

 was made a full general of infantry. He then 

 formed the Fourteenth German Army Corps, 

 and completed the conquest of Alsace. He 

 was next ordered to oppose the Army of the 

 East under Bourbaki. He captured that gen- 

 eral's headquarters by storm, Jan. 9, 1871, and 

 in a three days' battle, January 15 to 17, com- 

 pletely defeated the French, who fled to 

 Switzerland. After the war he was definitely 

 appointed commander-in-chief of the Four- 

 teenth Corps of the German Army. 



Werner, Gnstar, a German philanthropist, born 

 in Zwiefalten, Wiirtemberg, March 12, 1809 ; 

 died in Eeutlingen, Wiirtemberg, Aug. 2, 1887. 

 He was educated for the Protestant ministry, 

 and for six years was curate of a village church. 

 He established a children's asylum, and, besides 

 practicing, he preached the doctrine of self- 

 sacrificing benevolence with such eloquence 

 that he excited envy and vexation among the 

 regular pastors of the towns and villages in 

 which he appeared by drawing away all their 

 hearers. Having been dismissed by the con- 

 sistory the churches were thenceforth closed 

 to him, yet he continued his appeals in work- 

 shops and beer-houses. He went to Eeutlin- 

 gen, and, purchasing on credit the water-power 

 of a mountain- brook in the neighboring village 

 of Dettingen, established a paper-factory for 

 the purpose of giving employment to the help- 

 less, ana educating paupers and outcasts to 

 work. He interested others in his objects, and 

 in the course of time founded an iron-foundry 

 and mechanical workshops in Eeutlingen in 

 which the blind, the crippled, and the destitute 

 were taught to do useful work, and were main- 

 tained in comfort in a lodging-house. 



Werthheimer, Joseph Hitter YOU, a Jewish phil- 

 anthropist and author, born in 1800; died in 

 Vienna, Austria, March 19, 1887. He was for 

 more than thirty years president of the Jewish 

 community in Vienna. As an author he is 

 best known by " The Jews in Austria," and 

 " The Taking of an Oath." 



Whitworth, Sir Joseph, a British mechanical 

 engineer, born in Stockport, England, Dec. 21, 

 1803; died in Monte Carlo, Italy, Jan. 22, 1887. 

 He was taught by his father, who kept a school, 

 until he was fourteen years old, when he was 

 placed with his uncle, a cotton-spinner in 

 Derbyshire, where he became familiar with the 

 machinery of the factory and ultimately its 

 practical managing engineer. In 1821 he went 

 to Manchester and spent four years in acquiring 

 a knowledge of the manufacture of cotton-ma- 

 chinery. He then went to London and sought 

 employment in the best shops of that city. 

 During off hours he worked at his own devices, 

 and in this way completed the true plane, an 

 instrument which conferred the power of mak- 

 ing perfectly true surfaces for all kinds of 

 sliding tools, by which the resistance arising 

 from friction was reduced to its smallest 

 figure. Among other things he was employed 

 on the manufacture of Babbage's calculating 

 machine, in which he was always a firm be- 

 liever. In 1833 he returned to Manchester and 

 established himself as a maker of tools. Through 

 his efforts a uniform system of screw-heads was 

 introduced, and has since been employed not 

 only through the United Kingdom and its col- 

 onies, but in Eussia, Italy, and Germany. By 

 this reform nuts and screws have been made in- 

 terchangeable wherever the Whitworth thread 

 is used. The manufacture of appliances for 

 accurate measurements followed. His standard 

 gauges, taps, and dies, and improved forms of 

 tools grew steadily in public favor. At the 

 World's Fair held in London in 1851 he ex- 

 hibited an assortment of machine-tools and also 

 his machine for measuring differences of one 

 millionth of an inch, for which he received the 

 Council medal. In 1853 he was appointed a 

 Eoyal Commissioner to the World's Fair held 

 in New York, and prepared a report on "Amer- 

 ican Manufacturing Industries " which attracted 

 much attention. He was requested by the 

 British Government in 1854 to design and pro- 

 duce machinery for the manufacture of rifles 

 for the army. He determined the effects of 

 every pitch and kind of rifling, and of every 

 length of projectile, from the sphere to a mis- 

 sile having a length of twenty times its dia- 

 meter, and the principles determined upon 

 have resulted in the production of the Whit- 

 worth rifle now extensively used. These same 

 principles were applied to the Whitworth can- 

 non, said to be " the most enduring, the most 

 accurate, the most powerful in penetration, and 

 the longest in range " In the search for a 

 proper material for the construction of these 

 guns he introduced the use of the fluid-pressed 

 steel now largely employed for many purposes. 

 He founded in 1868 the Whitworth Scholar- 

 ships, by means of which 3,000 are annually 

 awarded to students in engineering. Each 

 scholarship has a value of 100, and is tenable 

 for three years. In 1875 he added to this 

 benefaction by the foundation of a number of 

 Whitworth exhibitions. He was awarded one 



