660 



PERSIA. 



PERU. 



we condemn the system of donating public lands to 

 private corporations, and all lands heretofore donated 

 to railroad corporations by the Government on condi- 

 tions which have not been complied with, should be 

 reclaimed and opened for settlement by American citi- 

 zens. 



5. The vast sums of money accumulated in the 

 treasury from the taxation of the people in excess of 

 the necessities of the Government should be released 

 to the people ; and we demand a judicial system of 

 internal improvements ; and favor the construction 

 of suitable fortifications and the building up of a navy 

 compatible with our station among the nations of the 

 earth. . 



6. We reassert the American principle of absolute 

 freedom of religious worship and belief, the perma- 

 nent separation of Church and State, and we oppose 

 the appropriation of the monev and property ol the 

 people to any church or institution administered by a 

 church. 



T. "We recognize the right of labor to organize for 

 its protection, and by all lawful and peaceable means 

 to secure to itself the greatest reward for its thrift and 

 industry. 



8. We demand and advocate a firm and consistent 

 foreign policy and a vigorous assertion of our national 

 dignity and respect to our flag on land and sea ; es- 

 pecially do we demand the assertion and vindication 

 of the rights of our citizens to an etjual participation 

 in the fisheries in the North Atlantic ocean: and we 

 view with alarm the aims and purposes of European 

 powers to absorb and establish protectorates over the 

 islands adjacent to our Pacific coast ; and we demand 

 an emphatic reassertion and vigorous maintenance 

 of the American doctrine as handed down to us by 

 our fathers, excluding European governments from 

 all interference with the practical affairs of the west- 

 ern world. 



9. The American party declares that it recognizes 

 no North, no South, no East, and no West in these 

 United States, but one people pledged to our liberty 

 and independence. 



PERSIA, an empire in Asia. The govern- 

 ment is an absolute monarchy, tempered by 

 the precepts of the Koran. The administra- 

 tion is carried on under the Shah by a min- 

 istry, consisting of the Vizier, the Treasurer, 

 and five subordinate ministers. The empire 

 is divided into fifteen provinces, over each 

 of which is a governor with extensive pow- 

 ers, who is usually a prince of the royal fami- 

 ly. The towns and villages elect their own 

 magistrates. The reigning Shah is Nassr- 

 ed-Din. The heir-apparent is Muzaffer-ed- 

 Din Valiahd, the eldest son of the Shah, who 

 is governor of Azerbaijan. The Vizier is 

 Mirza-AH Khan. The Minister of War is 

 Kamran Mirza, called Naib-es-Sultaneh, the 

 third son of the Shah. The Minister of For- 

 eign Affairs is Yahia Khan, brother-in-law of 

 the Shah ; Treasurer, AH Asghar Khan. The 

 second son of the Shah Zil-es-Sultan, is gov- 

 ernor of Ispahan and the adjacent provinces, 

 while his brother Na'ib-es-Sultaneh is gover- 

 nor of Teheran and other provinces, and also 

 commander-in-chief of the army. The Minis- 

 ter of Foreign Affairs was formerly Minister of 

 the Interior and of Justice. He was educated 

 in Paris, and is versed in European culture. 

 His appointment in 1886 was supposed to in- 

 dicate a policy favorable to Russia. 



Area and Population. The empire is about 

 610,000 square miles in extent. A recent esti- 



mate makes the population not over 7,000,- 

 000, including 2,500,000 Nomads. The capi- 

 tal, Teheran, has 210,000 inhabitants ; the 

 city of Tabreez or Tauris, 170,000; Ispahan, 

 90,000 ; Meshed, 70,000. 



Commerce. The value of the imports in 1884- 

 '85 was 125,300,000 francs ; that of the ex- 

 ports, 72,200,000 francs. The leading imports 

 are cottons, glassware, paper, iron, copper, 

 sugar, and tea. The principal articles of ex- 

 port are silk, tobacco, skins, carpets, and opium. 

 The number of letters that passed through the 

 Post-Office in 1885 was 1,468,934. The length 

 of the telegraph lines in 1885 was 5,135 kilome- 

 tres, with 9,346 kilometres of wire. 



Finances. The receipts of the Treasury are 

 about 43,750,000 francs per annum, of which 

 6,600,000 proceed from customs. The ex- 

 penditure amounts to 40,750,000 francs, of 

 which 21,250,000 francs are for the army and 

 7,500,000 francs for the royal household. 



PERU, a republic in South America. (For 

 details relating to area, population, etc., see 

 "Annual Cyclopaedia" for 1883.) 



Government. The President, since June 2, 

 1886, is Gen. Nadres Avelino C&ceres. The 

 Cabinet is composed of the following ministers : 

 President of the Council and Minister of the 

 Interior, Seftor Aurelio Denegri ; Minister of 

 Foreign Affairs, Dr. Alberto Elmore ; Minister 

 of the Treasury, Sefior Antonio Aspillaga; 

 Minister of War and Marine, Sefior Elias Mu- 

 jica, and Minister of Justice, Dr. Adolfo Garcia. 

 The United States Minister at Lima is Charles 

 W. Buck. The American Consul at Callao is 

 Henry May Brent. The Peruvian Consul at 

 New York is Sefior Jos6 Cdrlos Tracy; at San 

 Francisco, George Duval. 



Army and Navy. The effective strength of the 

 permanent Peruvian army has been fixed for 

 1887-'88 at 4,000 men, comprising six battal- 

 ions of infantry, two regiments of horse, two 

 brigades of artillery, and one battery of mitral- 

 leuses. There is also a police force of 3,371 

 men, of whom 843 are mounted. The naval 

 force, once the pride of the country, has been 

 reduced to two transports of a carrying capac- 

 ity of 1,300 tons each. 



Finance. On July, 1, 1886, the Peruvian na- 

 tional indebtedness stood as follows: 



Home debt, consolidated with unpaid interest 



since 1880 27,800.000 



Paper money 79,000,000 



Paper money, Incas issued in 1880, Dictator Pi6- 

 rola's administration 9,541,000 



Grand total $373,456,940 



The paper money has depreciated uninter- 

 ruptedly. In August, 1886, 19 paper dollars 



