PHOTO-ENGRAVING. 



PHYSICAL TRAINING. 



665 



torship of Dr. Albert B. Lyons, began in De- 

 troit with the January issue. This journal, 

 one of the best that has yet appeared, is most 

 valuable on account of its "Index Pharama- 

 ceuticus " published in each, giving reference 

 to all books and original papers of interest to 

 pharmacists that appear in the English, French, 

 German, and Italian languages. " The Amer- 

 ican Drug-Clerks' Journal," whose scope is in- 

 dicated by its title, issued its first number in 

 June at Chicago. 



PHOTO -ENGRAVING, photo-gravure, photo- 

 zincography, and process- engraving are differ- 

 ent terms applied to various methods of repro- 

 ducing pictures without the aid of an engraver. 

 In ordinary zincography the picture is laid 

 down on a zinc-plate with lithographic ink 

 from " transfer-paper." Those portions of the 

 plate which are to be protected are then pre- 

 pared by using an ink or varnish which will 

 resist acid, after which the plate is subjected 

 to a bath of dilute nitrous acid ; this is contin- 

 ued through successive baths of acid of in- 

 creased strength, until the biting-in is sufficient, 

 when the plate is dried, and the ink removed 

 by benzine. There is another process, in which 

 brass plates are used, which are covered with 

 white wax, when the picture is drawn on the 

 wax with an etching-point. This plate is after- 

 ward used as a mold from which an electro- 

 type is obtained. In photo- zincography the 

 drawing is photographed to the size required, 

 and an ordinary negative on glass is taken. 

 This is then laid on a sensitized zinc plate, on 

 which the picture is printed by the action of 

 light. The coating of the zinc-plate is known 

 by its French name of bitumen de Judee, four 

 parts of which are dissolved in one hundred 

 parts of benzine. After the picture is printed, 

 so much of the bitumen as has not been made 

 insoluble by the action of light is dissolved off 

 by using a wash of turpentine. To obtain 

 gradations of light a specially prepared enam- 

 eled paper, or a gray-tinted lined paper is used, 

 by scraping away which, leaving the white 

 paper beneath exposed, the artist is able to 

 obtain his high lights. In Hentschel's photo- 

 graphic etching process the negative is printed 

 on sensitized carbon paper. This is laid face 

 down on a polished zinc plate, which being 

 placed in a bath, all the carbon paper, ex- 

 cept that holding the lines of the drawing, is 

 washed away. The plate is then bitten in an 

 acid bath. The Ives (Philadelphia) process is 

 accomplished by applying the negative to a 

 gelatine plate sensitized with bichromate of 

 potash. The plate is then swollen in water, 

 and a cast taken of it in plaster-of-Paris, in 

 which the highest parts represent the blacks 

 and the lowest the whites. The Meisenbach 

 process is thus described : " A transparent 

 plate is hatched or stippled in parallel lines. 

 A transparent positive is made of the object. 

 The two plates are joined, preferably face to 

 face, and from the combined plates a definite 

 negative is photographed in the usual way. In 



order to cross-hatch and break the lines of the 

 shading, the hatched or stippled plate may be 

 shifted once or twice during the production of 

 the negative. The photographic negative thus 

 obtained may be either applied direct to a zinc- 

 plate, or a lithographic transfer may first be 

 made in the usual manner, and the plate bitten 

 by acid to form a block in relief." 



A process for yielding plates in intaglio has 

 recently been employed in London. A copper- 

 plate is covered with a film of sensitized gela- 

 tine, on which a picture is printed from a pho- 

 tographic negative. The film is now desensi- 

 tized in a water-bath, and a mixture of camphor 

 and resin dissolved in chloroform is washed 

 over the surface. On heat being applied to 

 the plate, the gelatine breaks into a delicate 

 grain, and the resin is left in minute particles 

 on the surface. The plate is then bitten in an 

 acid bath where the soluble portions of the 

 gelatine have been removed. Those parts 

 which have been rendered insoluble by photo- 

 graphic printing carry the lines of the drawing, 

 and resist the mordant. The rule for mor- 

 dants is to use nitrous oxide for copper and 

 nitric acid for zinc. 



Electrotypes from process blocks are found 

 to be weaker than the original, yielding poorer 

 and paler impressions : stereotypes from pro- 

 cess blocks hardly ever print well. The best 

 results are usually obtained by reducing the 

 original drawing one third by photography 

 before printing it on the zinc plate. Process 

 work has not been well adapted to newspaper 

 illustration in any degree of perfection, owing 

 to the impracticability of applying the blocks 

 to rotary presses. Some methods of doing this 

 have been patented, without giving much satis- 

 faction, the best being claimed to be that of 

 Mr. Le Sage, manager of the London " Daily 

 Telegraph." 



PHYSICAL TRAINING. From the earliest ages 

 a system of diet and exercise beneficial to the 

 strength, speed, and stamina has been carefully 

 studied. For many centuries the body was 

 carefully cultivated at the expense of the mind, 

 and then for a long period this state of things 

 was almost exactly reversed. The old systems 

 of physical training were severe, the object in 

 view being to secure great strength and en- 

 durance, the idea of speed not being much 

 thought of. The Isthmian games were first 

 instituted by Sisyphus, King of Corinth, 1326 

 B. 0. The winners received a simple garland 

 of leaves for their great and long-continued 

 exertions. The Olympic games were held 

 every four years at Olympia, and the same 

 prize was held out to recompense a man for 

 months of hard work and suffering such aa 

 would now suffice for a man to endure during 

 life's whole battle. 



The ancient system of physical training \vaa 

 terribly thorough, and if a man could stand 

 the preparation he need never fear the contest 

 or conflict, whether with mnn or beast. The 

 ancient Greek system called for nine or ten 



