SWITZERLAND. 



755 



Dr. A. Schenck; Dr. E. Welti ; L. Euchonnet; 

 Dr. Adolph Deucher ; B. Hammer. 



Area and Population. The area of Switzerland 

 is 41,346 square kilometres. The population 

 in 1880 was 2,846,102, comprising 1,394,626 

 males and 1,451,476 females. The number of 

 marriages in 1886 was 20,080, against 20,105 

 in 1885 ; the number of births, 84,142, against 

 83,579 ; the number of deaths, 63,440, against 

 64,778; excess of births over deaths, 20,702, 

 against 18,801. The population of Geneva in 

 1886 was 52,819 without, and 72,819 with the 

 suburbs. Zurich and its suburbs had 89,804 

 inhabitants; Basle had 72,304, and Bern 49,- 

 410. Emigration beyond seas amounted in 

 1886 to 6,342 individuals, against 7,583 in 

 1885. 9,608 in 1884, and 13,502 in 1882. Of 

 the emigrants 4,863 went to North America. 



Finances. The financial account for 1886 

 makes the total revenue 61,097,496 francs, and 

 the expenditure 58,067,506 francs. The budg- 

 et for 1888, approved by the National Council 

 on Dec. 9, 1887, estimates the revenue at 56,- 

 066,000 francs, and the expenditure at 56,- 

 866,000 francs. The assets of the Confedera- 

 tion amounted to 65,966,173 francs, and the 

 debt to 36,670,616 francs on Jan. 1, 1887. A 

 bill to establish a spirit monopoly was passed 

 in 1886 by the National and State Councils, and 

 on the demand of 48,255 citizens was submitted 

 in 1887 to the popular vote, which confirmed 

 the law. The Federal Council in August, 1887, 

 authorized a loan of 10,000,000 francs to carry 

 the measure into effect. 



The Army. The Federal army is composed 

 of the regular troops or Bundesauszug, com- 

 posed of citizens from twenty to thirty- two 

 years of age ; the Landwehr, which comprises 

 all the men from thirty-three to forty-five 

 years old ; and the Landsturm, organized under 

 a law that went into force in 1887. The latter 

 category includes retired officers under fifty-five 

 years old, retired non-commissioned officers 

 and soldiers up to the age of fifty, and all 

 other citizens between forty and fifty years of 

 age who are not enrolled in the Landwehr, as 

 well as young men between the ages of seven- 

 teen and twenty. The effective strength of the 

 regular army on Jan. 1, 1887, was 120,393 

 officers and soldiers; that of the Landwehr, 

 81,435 men. The Landsturm is expected to 

 add 300,000 men to the fighting strength of 

 the republic. A credit of 840,000 francs was 

 granted by the National Council in June, 1887, 

 for the purpose of supplying 12 batteries with 

 new cannon. The Swiss artillery possesses 

 400 field-pieces and 400 siege-guns. 



Commerce. The special imports of merchan- 

 dise in 1886 were of the total value of 758,- 

 608,000 francs ; the special exports 637,633,000 

 francs. 



Railroads. The length of railroad lines in 

 operation in 1885 was 2,784 kilometres, exclu- 

 sive of 63 kilometres of mountain railroad 

 operated by foreign companies. The cost of 

 construction was 1,048,627,602 francs. The 



receipts in 1885 were 73.737,412 francs and 

 the expenses of operation 39,577,625 francs. 



The Post-Office. The number of letters and 

 post-cards forwarded in 1886 was 58,381,144, 

 not including 31,477,056 international letters; 

 the number of journals, 63,215,302. 



Telegraphs. The length of telegraph lines in 

 1886 was 7,025 kilometres ; the length of wires, 

 17,063 kilometres. There were 3,184,470 mes- 

 sages sent over the wires in 1886, of which 

 1,793,938 were paid internal dispatches, 956,- 

 931 were foreign dispatches, 326,993 were 

 forwarded in transit, and 106,608 were official. 

 The receipts were 3,293,264 francs and the 

 expenses 2,799,855 francs. 



International Copyright. The ratifications of 

 the treaty for the creation of an international 

 union for the protection of literary and artistic 

 property, which was signed at Bern on Sept 9, 

 1886, were exchanged at the same place on 

 Sept. 5, 1887, by the representatives of Ger- 

 many, England, Belgium, Spain, France, Hayti, 

 Italy, Liberia, Switzerland, and Tunis. Other 

 states may be admitted into the union at any 

 time on giving their adhesion to the treaty. 

 Authors, painters, engravers, composers, and 

 dramatists enjoy in all the countries forming 

 the union the same protection for their works 

 that each country gives to its own citizens, 

 subject to the conditions and formalities which 

 are prescribed in the country where the work 

 is first published. The duration of copyright 

 can not exceed in other countries the limit of 

 time established in the country of origin of 

 the work. Authorized translations are pro- 

 tected as original works, and authors possess 

 for the term of ten years the right of making 

 or authorizing translations of their produc- 

 tions. Articles from newspapers and maga- 

 zines may be protected by international copy- 

 right, with the exception of articles of political 

 discussion and of news of the day and current 

 topics. The publication of extracts from copy- 

 righted works for educational or scientific 

 purposes or in chrestomathics is governed by 

 the laws existing in the several countries, or 

 by special arrangements that may be made 

 between the contracting parties. Plays and 

 musical dramas are protected, whether pub- 

 lished or not, and if published, their represen- 

 tation on the stage is interdicted whenever the 

 author prints a warning to that effect on the 

 title-page or in the beginning of the work. 

 Literary adaptations, arrangements of music, 

 and similar appropriations are forbidden unless 

 the alterations are sufficient to confer the 

 character of a new original work. An inter- 

 national office is established at Bern under the 

 name of the Office of the International Union 

 for the Protection of Literary and Artistic 

 Works. The expenses will be borne by the 

 governments composing the union, but must 

 not exceed 60,000 francs per annum. The 

 office is placed under the authority of the su- 

 perior administration of the Swiss Confedera- 

 tion. The functions of the office are prescribed 



