J72 



TDEKEY. 



lished. The Agricultural Department main- 

 tains the stud establishments, supplies fit stall- 

 ions to the country, institutes races in the 

 breeding districts, offer premiums for the best 

 animals exhibited, and diffuses sound informa- 

 tion. The fact that thoroughbred animals 

 raised by the Government carried off all the 

 national prizes until, on account of the remon- 

 strances of the Jockey Club, the breeding-studs 

 at Le Pin and Pompadour were suppressed, is 

 evidence of the excellence of the breeding. 

 While French-bred horses were once allowed 

 several pounds on the English race- course, they 

 now compete on equal terras with the best 

 bred animals of England. In Prussia there are 

 at least a score of private studs of English 

 thoroughbred stock, more than one half as 

 many Government stallion depots, and three 

 great Government breeding establishments, at 

 Trakehuen, Graditz, and Neustad. German 

 horses are, upon the whole, inferior, owing to 

 the poor pasturage; when well-bred they are 

 soft and without bottom. The principal Gov- 

 ernment stud ia Austria is at Lipitza, and is 

 devoted to the breeding of a race of pure 

 Spanish blood, and of a cross between Spanish 

 and Arab horses. The private stud of the 

 Emperor, at Kladrnp, in Bohemia, breeds for 

 the turf, but the pasturage is poor, and no very 

 superior horses are produced. In Hungary, the 

 stud at Mezohegyes has 45,000 acres of excellent 

 herbage and produces thoroughbreds, Arabs, 

 Norfolk trotters, Normans, and stud-bred horses. 

 The Kisber stud, also in Hungary, is devoted 

 entirely to English thoroughbreds and half-bred 

 stock. The most interesting feature of this stud 

 is that in selecting the best models to breed from, 

 and in aiming at a combination of the three great 

 qualities of substance, speed, and endurance, 

 none but sound animals, uninjured by early 

 struggles upon the turf, are employed. 



TURKEY, an empire in southeastern Europe 

 and western Asia. The Government is an ab- 

 solute monarchy. Constitutional limitations 

 were proclaimed by Sultan Abdul Medjid on 

 Feb. 18, 1856, and a representative system by 

 Abdul Hamid II, in November, 1870, but these 

 reforms have not been carried into effect. The 

 reigning Sultan is Abdul Hamid II, born Sept. 

 22, 1842, who succeeded to the throne on the 

 deposition of his brother, Murad V, Aug. 31, 

 1876. The Grand Vizier is Kisamil Pasha. 



Area and Population The area of the terri- 

 tory under the direct rule of the Sultan in Eu- 

 rope and Asia is 3,088,400 square kilometres, 

 and its population 21,633,000 souls. The area 

 of the tributary states and protectorates in 

 Europe, Asia, and Africa is 1,182,000 square 

 kilometres, and their population is 11,345,000. 

 The population of Constantinople, the capital, 

 was 873,55 in 1885. Salonica has from 60,- 

 000 to 80,000 inhabitants, and Adrianople from 

 60,000 to 62,000. In Asiatic Turkey the chief 

 cities are Smyrna, with 186,510 inhabitants; 

 Damascus, with about 150,000; Bagdad, with 

 100,000 ; and Aleppo, with 70,000. 



Finances. In the budget for the year ended 

 Feb. 28, 1884, the receipts were reckoned at 

 1,631,300,600 piasters, and the expenditures at 

 1,622,301,600 piasters. No official budget has 

 since been published. The revenue for the 

 financial year 1887-'88 is estimated at 1,750,- 

 000,000 piasters, equal to $77,000,000. 



By an arrangement with the creditors for 

 the conversion of the Ottoman debt into a 

 unified and consolidated debt, the Sultan, in an 

 irade of December, 1881, decreed the emission 

 of new bonds of the amount of 92,225,827 

 sterling. The amount of the Koumelian t rail- 

 road bonds added to this makes the sum of 

 106,437,234, in lieu of 190,997,980 sterling, 

 the figure at which the debt stood before the 

 compromise. Up to March 1, 1887, 1,978,528 

 had been paid off, leaving a debt of 101,- 

 458,706. 



Commerce. The total value of the imports in 

 1885-'86 was 2,000,367,000 piasters, against 

 2,063,764,000 in the preceding year ; the value 

 of the exports 1,207,626,000 piasters, against 

 1,279,817,000 piasters. The imports from 

 Great Britain were 876,343,000 piasters in 

 value; from Austria-Hungary, 391,984,000 pi- 

 asters; from France, 231,689,000 piasters; 

 from Russia, 175,850,000 piasters; from Italy, 

 60,621,000 piasters; from Persia, 54,493,000 

 piasters. The exports to Great Britain were 

 valued at 455,567,000 piasters; to France. 

 372,499,000 piasters; to Austria-Hungary j 

 113,220,000 piasters; to Egypt, 100,389,000 

 piasters ; to Greece, 53,530,000 piasters. The 

 values in piasters of the leading exports in 

 1885-'86 as compared with the preceding year 

 are shown in the following table: 



The chief article of import is cotton manu- 

 factures. There were fabrics of the value of 

 412,777,000 piasters, and yarns of the value of 

 125,718,000 piasters, imported in 1885-'86, as 

 compared with 446,362,000 and 138,988,000 

 piasters respectively in 1884-'85. 



Navigation. There were entered at Con- 

 stantinople in 1886-'87, 15,519 vessels, of 

 7,099,012 tons ; of which, 7,317, of 6,212,055 

 tons, were steamers. The tonnage entered at 

 Smyrna in 1885 was 1.232,686; at Salonica, 

 579,847; at Trebizond, 446,327; at Beyrut in 

 1886, 618,699. The estimated tonnage of the 

 merchant navy is 181,500. 



Railroads. The railroads in operation on 

 Dec. 31, 1885, had a total length of 1,170 kilo- 



