810 



ZANZIBAR. 



of the foremost modern physicists, chemists, 

 and other scientific specialists regarding the 

 value of science, not only as knowledge for 

 guidance of life, but as affording the best men- 

 tal discipline. Mr. Youmans's contributions 

 to the volume were on " Scientific Study of 

 Human Nature" and on "Mental Discipline in 

 Education." Not only as author and lecturer 

 did Mr. Youmans do much for the diffusion of 

 science in America, but also by causing the re- 

 publication in New York of the most valuable 

 English scientific works as they appeared in 

 London. On his advice Messrs. D. Apple- 

 ton & Co. produced American editions of 

 Bagehot, Buckle, Carpenter, Darwin, Huxley, 

 Lubbock. Lyell, Koscoe, Spencer, Tyndall, 

 Whewell, and others. In every case the au- 

 thor was paid exactly as much as if he were 

 an American enjoying copyright. In 1871 Mr. 

 Youmans gave further extension to this enter- 

 prise by planning the " International Scientific 

 Series," the volumes to appear simultaneously 

 in New York, London, Paris, Leipsic, Milan, 

 and St. Petersburg. The project gave all the 



effect of international copyright to the authors 

 concerned. By judicious selection of eminent 

 specialists in whatever land they were to be 

 found, the whole civilized world had popular 

 expositions of interesting scientific topics from 

 the most competent sources rendered into 

 the reader's own tongue. 



In 1872 Mr. Youmans was appointed editor 

 of " The Popular Science Monthly," a magazine 

 established, at his suggestion, by the Messrs. 

 Appleton. Its purpose was to present the 

 constant advances of science in all depart- 

 ments, and to discuss the larger relations of 

 science to history, education, the state, and 

 the problems of life. His editorials on current 

 topics were crisp, forcible, and characteristic, 

 often widely quoted, and sometimes combated, 

 and served to maintain his influence as an edu- 

 cator. In the winter of 1880-'81 he was at- 

 tacked by pneumonia, and his constitution, 

 early impaired by lack of exercise through 

 blindness, never recovered. He married in 

 1861 the widow of William L. Lee, who sur- 

 vives him. 



Z 



ZANZIBAR, a monarchy on the eastern coast 

 of Africa. The reigning sovereign is Seyid 

 Burgash ben Said, who succeeded his brother 

 in 1870. The area of the sultanate is 23,960 

 square kilometres. The island of Zanzibar 

 contains about 200,000 inhabitants. The pop- 

 ulation of the continental possessions of the 

 Sultan is not known. His annual revenue is 

 about $1,250,000, derived chiefly from cus- 

 toms duties, which are regulated by a treaty 

 of commerce concluded with Germany on 

 Aug. 19, 1886. The principal products are 

 cloves, gum-copal and other gums, red pepper, 

 and cocoanuts. The transit trade in elephants' 

 tusks amounts to $1,500,000 per annum. 



Anglo-German Agreement. The Sultan of Zan- 

 zibar formerly held dominion over the isl- 

 and only. He acquired and garrisoned points 

 on the mainland for the purpose of keeping 

 open and guarding trade-routes into the in- 

 terior. Under compulsion from England he 

 suppressed the slave-trade. His continental 

 possessions were not defined, and. when the 

 German East African Company acquired ter- 

 ritory in the region, disputes arose. In 1886 

 a joint commission, representing Great Britain, 

 Germany, and France, fixed the boundaries of 

 his dominions, and England and Germany en- 

 tered into an agreement as to their respective 

 spheres of influence. The work of the com- 

 mission was embodied in a formal agreement 



by Germany to recognize the sovereign righls 

 of the Sultan over Zanzibar and Pemba, with 

 adjacent islands, Lainu, Mafia, and a strip of 

 coast of 10 nautical miles' breadth extending 

 from the mouth of the Miningani River in 

 the Bay of Tunghi as far as Kipini. North of 

 Kipini the Sultan has the stations Kismnju, 

 Barawa, Merka, and Makdishu, each with a 

 radius of 12 nautical miles, and Warsheik with 

 5 nautical miles of territory. Great Britain 

 agreed to use her influence to induce the Sul- 

 tan to allow the Germans to have possession 

 of the ports of Dar-es-Salaam and Pangani, 

 paying over the customs receipts to the Sul- 

 tan ; also to promote a friendly agreement 

 with Germany in regard to conflicting claims 

 to districts in the Kilimandjaro mountains. 

 The authority of the Sultan of Vitu, who 

 stands under German protection, was recog- 

 nized over a strip of coast including Manda 

 Bay. The sphere of influence of England and 

 Germany in the region lying between the Ro- 

 vuma and Tana rivers is divided by a line 

 beginning at the mouth of the river Wanga or 

 Umbe, running to Lake Jipe, then along its east- 

 ern and northern banks, across the river Lumi, 

 so as to bisect the districts of Taveta and 

 Dshagga, and then along the northern slope of 

 the Kilimandjaro mountain to a point on the 

 eastern bank of the Victoria Nyanza, where it is 

 intersected by the first parallel of south latitude. 



