12 



ANGLICAN CHURCHES. 



ARCHAEOLOGY. (AMERICAN.) 



mandamus therefore failing, the practical result 

 was favorable to the bishop. The case was -car- 

 ried up to the Court of Appeal, where a decision 

 was given, Dec. 2, against the applicants for a 

 mandamus and in favor of the bishop. Lord- 

 Justice Esher defined the question in the case to 

 be whether the judgment in the former case, 

 which had been carried to the House of Lords, 

 governed the present. The allegations in that 

 case, it was true, were different, but the reasons 

 of the judgment governed the present. It had 

 been decided that to obtain a mandamus to the 

 bishop it must be shown that he had declined 

 jurisdiction or had acted in excess of it. This 

 had not been shown in the present case. The 

 other judges, Lord-Justice Lopes and Lord-Jus- 

 tice Kay, concurred in this opinion, holding that 

 the question here was whether the bishop had 

 honestly and fairly considered all the matters in 

 the case. It appeared to him that the bishop 

 had attended to all the circumstances, to every- 

 thing he ought to consider. The case was car- 

 ried upon appeal to the House of Lords, where, 

 involving substantially the same points, it was 

 argued together with the original appeal referred 

 to in the proceedings related above. A decision 

 was given by the Lord Chancellor representing 

 this tribunal. Lord Bramwell and Lord Herschell 

 concurring, July 20, affirming the decision of the 

 Court of Appeal in favor of the Bishop of Lon- 

 don, and dismissing the appeal, with costs. The 

 decision does not touch the merits of the reredos, 

 but simply affirms the discretion of the bishop 

 and sustains the use he made of it. 



The Church Congress. The Church Con- 

 gress met at Rhyl, Wales, Oct. 5, under the presi- 

 dency of the Bishop of St. Asaph's. Discussions 

 opposing the movement for the disestablish- 

 ment of the Church in Wales were a prominent 

 feature in the proceedings. The address of the 

 presiding bishop was largely devoted to this 

 subject. He had questioned statements by Mr. 

 Gladstone that the Church in Wales was the 

 Church of the few and the rich, and the non- 

 conformists were not contented, and had received 

 a reply from that gentleman corroborating his 

 assertions. The Archbishop of Canterbury un- 

 dertook to show that the Church in Wales was 

 not an alien body forced upon the people by a 

 conquering nation, but was a lineal descendant 

 of the Church originally established in Wales. 

 The first two topics of the stated discussion also 

 bore on the same subject. They were : " Church 

 Revival in Wales: its Rise, Progress, and Future 

 Prospects." discussed by Canon Bevan, the Dean 

 of St. Asaph's, Sir Robert Cunliffe, and the Bish- 

 ops of Chester, Ripon, Llandaff, and Bedford, 

 and " The Church in Relation to Nonconformists : 

 the Points of Agreement and Difference, and the 

 Possibilities of Co-oporation, " by the Rev. H. 

 A. James, Earl Nelson, the Rev. J. Morgan, 

 Mr. G. Harwood, and the Archbishop of York. 

 The other subjects considered in the Congress, 

 with the persons who made the opening addresses 

 upon them, were : " The Work of the Church in 

 the Poorest Quarters of our Cities," by the 

 Bishop of Bedford ; " In Industrial and Mining 

 Districts," the Bishop of Waketield ; " And how 

 to extend her Work in Connection with State 

 Agencies and Voluntary Organizations," the 

 Rev. A. H. Bayne ; " Criticism of Holy Script- 



ure, and the Church's Gains thereby in the Con- 

 firmation of her Witness." Prof. J. J. Lias ; 

 ' Juster Statement of Truth," Rev. Prof. Ryle ; 

 " Confronting New Problems," Archdeacon Wil- 

 son ; and " The Historical Accuracy of the 

 Bible," Theo. G. Pinches : " Foreign Missions : 

 Qualification of Missionary Agents, and the Best 

 Means of obtaining them," Mr. Athelston Riley ; 

 1 " Reflex Benefits on the Church at Home," Bishop 

 Blythe, of Jerusalem; and "The Society System 

 and its Improvement," Rev. W. R. Churton ; 

 " Church Education : its Present State, and how 

 to improve it in Universities and Public Schools," 

 Rev. J. H. Maude, of Hartford College, Oxford, 

 and Prof. Rendall, of University College, Liver- 

 pool; "Intermediate and Grammar Schools," 

 Archdeacon Edmonds, of St. David's College, 

 and Principal Gent, of St. Mark's College ; " Ele- 

 mentary Schools" and "Church Training Col- 

 leges, Residential and Day," Principal Reichel, of 

 the University College of North Wales. Papers 

 on church music, English and Welsh, were read, 

 with illustrative examples, by the Rev. Owen 

 Jones, the Rev. C. R. Stewart, and Mr. E. Grif- 

 fith. The subject of " The Divine Personality, and 

 the Bearing of the Same on the Individual Life." 

 was discussed by the Rev. J. H. Bernard. Canon 

 Moberly, and Sir George Stokes. On the last 

 day's sessions of the Congress the subject of 

 " Aids to the Life of Godliness, their Place and 

 Use." was discussed unden the headings of 

 " Prayer," by Archdeacon Howell ; " Meditation," 

 by the Rev. Principal Chavasse; "Fasting," by the 

 Rev. W. Lock ; "Almsgiving," by Mr. T. LI. Mur- 

 ray ; and " Holy Communion," by the Rev. C. J. 

 Ridgeway. The second subject was the " Paro- 

 chial System," under three headings: " Deficien- 

 cies, and how to meet them," by the Rev. Cecil 

 Hook ; "Its Relation to the Diocese," by the Dean 

 of Manchester; and "Its Relation to Church 

 Societies," by the Rev. the Hon. C. J. Littleton. 

 ARCHAEOLOGY. American. Who were 

 the Mound Builders {The thesis that the 

 mound-builders were Indians is sustained by Mr. 

 Gerard Fowke, who argues that the civilization 

 attributed to them is exaggerated, and that they 

 had few, if any, resources not possessed by mod"- 

 ern Indians, and were really no further advanced 

 than the most intelligent of the tribes ; and, on 

 the other hand, that many of the Indian tribes 

 were settled and organized agricultural peoples, 

 living in similar conditions to those which it 

 is assumed must have surrounded the mound- 

 builders. The author also cites traditions ex- 

 isting among the Indians of tribes who built 

 mounds. His views were controverted in the 

 ' American Antiquarian," which, while it admit- 

 ted that the Indians built mounds, held that there 

 were other and more extensive mound-builders 

 before them. Dr. Cyrus Thomas has shown, from 

 surveys of the circular, square, and octagonal 

 earthworks of Ohio, that the geometrical accu- 

 racy of those structures has been exaggerated. 

 While some of the square and circular works 

 closely approximate regularity, none of them are 

 perfect, and the octagons are less regular. There 

 is nothing in them or connected with them con- 

 tradictory to the theory of their Indian origin, 

 except that a few of them nearly approached true 

 geometrical figures. It is admitted that Indians 

 can lay out true circles of moderate size, and 



