ARCHEOLOGY. (ENGLAND.) 



15 



been seen and 10 opened by I'rof. (ieorge gion of the forum were a basilica, a hall 280 

 of Manitoba College. Numerous skele- feet long, having an apse at one end and an aisle 



clearly marked by the site of pillars; thr- 

 chamber- on the west -ide of it ; on the east side 

 the forum with its public ollice ; and on tin- -outh 

 and the north rows of shop-. A perfect ground 

 plan of a villa was laid ban-. It embraced a clois- 

 ter built round three -ide- of a <|iiadranirle. the 

 fourth side remaining open, with a small garden 

 inclosed, while a larger garden lay out -ide. Be- 

 hind the cloister were large rooms for summer 

 and winter use, of which the latter were warmed 

 by hot-air pipes connected with underground 

 stoves, which could be seen. Behind these cham- 

 bers was another cloister, and at the back were 

 the domestic offices. The wall, the whole of which 

 is nearly complete, is 2,670 van - long, and in- 

 closes a polygonal area of 100 acres. It was built 



wriv exhumed, wiili large quantitiea of 



al, red ami yellow ochre, and liirch-liark 

 charcoal; and of manufactured articles, .-tone 

 implements, scrapers, gouges, ohiMl8.aX6l| mauls, 

 conjurer'- tubes, gaming stones ; In-east orna- 

 ments, whistles, lieads. etc.. of bone ; articles of 

 shell and hum : fish spears, pottery, copper imple- 

 ments; and near one skeleton two lumps of ar- 

 senical pyrites. All mounds were circular, and 

 all on prominent headlands, and the majority 

 contained skeletons. Soineof them were thought 

 to date, .nun the beginning of their central parts, 

 four hundred years back. 



Knglaml. Excavations at Sllchester. 

 The fir.- 1 discovery of traces of the remain- of 

 Roman occupation :it Silchester,the Roman Cal- 

 leva Attrcbatnm. near Kead 

 in::, were made in 1X5:5. \\heii 

 a -cries of baths were discov- 

 ered and relics were recovered 

 repp-sent ing the whole- period 

 of the Koinan domination from 

 the time of Caligula till the 

 evacuation of the island in the 

 reign of Arcadins. Excava- 

 tion> were next begun in 1864, 

 by the Uev. .1. (ierald Joyce, 

 which revealed the forms of 

 some of the Roman houses. A 

 more thorough system of exca- 

 vations was begun in June, 

 1890, on the estate of the Duke 

 of Wellington. Besides the 

 plans of nouses and lines of 

 streets, large patches of mosaic 

 floors were found, rooms heat- 

 ed by hypocausts of various 

 construction ; fragments of 

 painted wall plaster, showing 

 that the rooms were richly 

 decorated with color; a series 

 of shallow refuse pits* which 

 yielded dry rubbish, with pot- 

 sherds, bones, etc., occasional 

 coins, objects of bronze, and 

 fragments of glass vessels. In 

 one pit were about 50 objects 

 in iron, with a perfect scale- 

 beam of bronze. The iron arti- 

 cles furnished, with one excep- 

 tion, the largest series of tools 

 yet found in Britain, including 

 chisels, axes, hammers, gouges, 

 anvils, flies, a rasp, a carpen- 

 ter's large plane, a pair of 

 blacksmith's tongs, a pair of 

 pincers, plow-coulters, a curi- 

 ously shaped shoe of the kind 

 u-nally called a hippo-sandal. 

 and several objects of doubtful 

 use, all in a good state of pres- 

 ervation, with the edges of the 

 cutting- tools still sharp. A 

 well was lined throughout with 



DISCOVERIES AT 81LCHE8TER, ENOI-ASn. 



1, coulter of a plow : ->. gridiron : 3. oaken hoard, from a well-curb ; 

 4, anvil ; 5, hippo-sandal ; 6, tent-peg ; 7, lamp. 



oak board i n g. ingeniously dove-tailed together, 

 and fragments of the wooden bucket and a curi- 

 ous metal vessel at the bottom. One of the 



without tiles, and was composed of alternate lay- 

 ers of bonding stones, mortar. Hints, etc. The 

 gates were recessed. The excavations were con- 

 interest ing objects was a gridiron, or portable tiniiedduring the season of 185)1. with discoveries 

 cooking stove, unique in England. In the re- of other objects, including bronze bucket handles, 



