64 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



labor, the consequence of which is that cotton 

 must be left to spoil in the field, sugar planta- 

 tions have been abandoned, and rich tin, silver, 

 and gold mines remain unworked. 



Western Australia. The Imperial Parlia- 

 ment conferred responsible government on West- 

 ern Australia, the only one of the colonies on 

 the continent that still remained under the par- 

 tial control of the Crown, by the enabling act of 

 1890 embodying the new Constitution. The 

 government is vested in the Governor, a Legis- 

 lative Council of 15 members nominated in the 

 first place by the Govei-nor, but in the future to 

 be elected, and a Legislative Assembly of 30 

 members, elected from as many districts. The 

 qualification for voting is the ownership of real 

 property worth 500 or the payment of 10 rent 

 per annum. A member of either house must 

 be the owner or occupant of property of five 

 times such value. Power is reserved to the 

 Crown to divide the country into two or more 

 colonies, but the exclusive management and 

 control of the waste lands of the Crown are 

 vested in the colonial Legislature. The Gov- 

 ernor is Sir William C. F. Robinson, who held 

 the same office in 1874 and in 1880, and was re- 

 appointed in 1889. The first Cabinet of West- 

 ern Australia was constituted as follows : Pre- 

 mier and Treasurer, John Forrest ; Chief Secre- 

 retary, Mr. Strenton ; Attorney-General, Mr. 

 Burt ; Commissioner of Lands, Mr. Marinon ; 

 Minister of Public Works, Mr. Venn. 



Tasmania. The Governor of the colony is 

 Sir Robert G. C. Hamilton, who was appointed 

 in January. 1887. The Cabinet in 1891 was 

 composed of the following members : Premier 

 and Chief Secretary, Philip Oakley Fysh ; Treas- 

 urer, Bolton Stafford Bird ; Attorney-General, 

 Andrew Inglis Clark ; Minister of Lands and 

 Public Works, Alfred Pillinger. Parliament 

 was dissolved on May 1, and the elections were 

 fixed for May 22. The new Parliament was 

 opened on July 8. The accounts for 1890 indi- 

 cated that the period of depression was over. 

 Instead of a deficit, there was a surplus at the 

 close of the year of 85,000, showing an increase 

 of 76,000 as compared with 1889. New rail- 

 ways had been opened, and others were in prog- 

 ress. The discovery and opening of silver 

 mines added a new product to the resources of 

 the island figuring for 17,000 in the exports. 



New Zealand. The Governor is the Earl of 

 Onslow, formerly parliamentary Under Secre- 

 tary for the Colonies, and afterward President of 

 the Board of Trade, who was appointed to his 

 present post in November, 1888. A new minis- 

 try came into office on Jan. 24, 1891, composed 

 of the following members : Premier, Colonial 

 Treasurer, and Minister of Native Affairs, J. 

 Ballance ; Attorney-General and Colonial Secre- 

 tary. P. A. Buckley ; Minister of Agriculture 

 and Lands, Mr. Mackenzie ; Minister of Mines 

 and Defense, R. J. Seddon ; Minister of Educa- 

 tion and Justice, R. Reeves ; Speaker of the 

 House of Representatives, Major Stewart. The 

 colony is rapidly recovering from the long peri- 

 od of depression that followed the failure of the 

 City of Glasgow Bank, which was the result of 

 inordinate land speculation, and threatened to 

 bring about the forced sale of a large number of 

 the private estates on the islands. The exports 



of New Zealand produce increased from 6,707,- 

 805 in 1888 to 9,428,922 in 1891. The frozen- 

 meat trade has nearly trebled in these years. 

 The profits of the foreign trade in wool and 

 mutton have caused a great quantity of land to 

 be taken up for sheep farming. Still the people 

 continue to emigrate to other colonies. Among 

 the bills proposed to Parliament, which was 

 opened on June 11, was one for the repurchase 

 of private estates for the purpose of settlement. 

 The Premier promised also to introduce a bill to 

 deal with the labor question. The prospects of 

 labor legislation and of restrictions to be im- 

 posed on capital cause even more concern to the 

 conservative and wealthy classes in New Zealand 

 than in other parts of Australasia. About one 

 third of the members of Parliament owe their 

 election to the labor vote, and their course in 

 reference to labor measures is closely watched by 

 delegates of the trade unions. Employers' asso- 

 ciations in like manner exercise a control over 

 representatives who are expected to serve their 

 interests. The measures proposed by the Labor 

 party, and adopted in part by the National Lib- 

 eral Association, are strongly socialistic. 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, a dual monarchy in 

 central Europe, composed of the Empire of Aus- 

 tria and the Kingdom of Hungary, which have 

 been politically independent, except in regard to 

 common affairs, since the restitution of the an- 

 cient Hungarian Constitution after the war of 

 1866. The head of the house of Hapsburg is 

 Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. 

 The standing army, the navy, the customs, for- 

 eign affairs, and other matters of common in- 

 terest are administered by a common ministry, 

 and supplies are voted by delegations from the 

 parliaments of the two monarchies. The reign- 

 ing Emperor- King is Franz Josef I, born Aug. 

 18, 1830, who succeeded to the throne Dec. 2, 

 1848, after the abdication of his uncle Ferdinand 

 I. his father having renounced the crown in his 

 favor. The heir-presumptive is the Emperor's 

 brother, the Archduke Karl Ludwig, born July 

 30, 1833, whose son, the Archduke Franz, born 

 Dec. 18, 1863, is next in succession. The Minister 

 of Foreign Affairs and of the Imperial Household 

 for the Whole Monarchy is Count G. Kalnoky, 

 who succeeded Count Andrassy in 1881. The 

 Minister of War for the Whole Monarchy is 

 Field-Marshal Baron Ferdinand Bauer, appoint- 

 ed in 1888. The common Minister of Finance 

 is Benjamin de Kallay, appointed in 1882. 



Area and Population. The area of the vari- 

 ous provinces of the monarchy and their popu- 

 lation, according to estimates, made for Dec. 31, 

 1889, in Austria, and for a twelvemonth before 

 in regard to the Hungarian dominions, are given 

 in the table at the head of the next page. 



The Ottoman provinces of Bosnia and Herze- 

 govina, occupied and administered by the Aus- 

 tro-Hungarian Government in accordance with 

 the Treaty of Berlin, had in the beginning of 1888 

 a total population of 1,404,000 souls. 



The number of marriages registered in Austria 

 in 1889 was 177,771 ; the number of births was 

 924,690 ; of deaths (excluding 26.340 still-born), 

 646.787; surplus of births over deaths, 251,563. 

 In Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, and Fiume the 

 number of marriages in 1888 was 158,881 ; of 

 births, 759,662, of which 14,026 were still-born ; of 



