BRAZIL. 



M 



Indian clement, and in tin 1 States of Rio do Ja- 

 1'ialiiii. .Mina*-<ieracs, and Pcrnamlmco 

 negroes pivd.'minalc iii niniilii-rs. In IS.'d) tin- 

 nunilM-r iif slaves held in I5rax.il was estimated at 

 An tillicial enumeration in 1KS7 gave 

 the number i>f negroes >till held ill slavery as 

 i. 1!\ a iin -a-iirc passed in tin- following 

 \\ were declared I'n-c, and compensation to 

 'the owner- wa- refused. The present number of 

 wild Indian- i- estimated to bo about 000,000. 

 Tin- cil\ of Kio had I}."):,.'!:!'.' inhabitants in !>*:,. 

 The immigration, which was 181,208 in 1888, fell 

 away to 65,161 in l^'-i.and v! I ,OH8 in the first six 

 months of is'.in. owing to yellow fever and to 

 complaints of hardships endured by immigrants, 

 which were investigated by the Italian Govern- 

 ment. Of the immigrants' in 1889,34,920 were 

 Italians, 15, ' 10 Portuguese, S,(5(i2 Spaniurds, 

 l.'.in:; (iermans. :>s 1 French, 470 Austrian*, 387 

 Belgians. r,'li Swedes. 7(5 British, and 2.793 from 

 other countries. During 1890 the Provisional 

 Government granted concessions of public lands 

 ci|iial to the British Islands in area, with the 

 view of promoting immigration, and Senhor 

 (ilycerio, tin- .Minister of Agriculture, contracted 

 for the introduction of over a million families, 

 agreeing to pay the shipping company $25 for 

 every adult immigrant, and a subsidy of $20,000 

 to companies bringing at least 10,000 settlers in 

 a year. For six months after their arrival, im- 

 migrants are under the special protection of the 

 state, which will support them when necessary. 

 They are promised farms at from $12 to $25 

 an acre, with houses ready for occupancy and 

 seed and implements thrown in, and ten years 

 are given them to pay off the debt. These ex- 

 traordinarv inducements stimulated immigration 

 greatly. Portuguese, Spaniards, Italians, Rus- 

 sians, and I5rit ish and Irish came in such num- 

 bers that many suffered hardships from over- 

 crowding in the barracks provided by the Gov- 

 ernment. A great number sickened from change 

 of climate and food, and a large proportion 

 failed from inability to till the land. 



Commerce and Production. Coffee and 

 sugar are the chief commercial products of the 

 country. Cotton is cultivated also, and numer- 

 ous cotton mills have been established. The 

 state has offered a guarantee of interest to sugar 

 factories, and in 1890 many new ones were 

 started, concessions being granted for 58,050,000 

 milreis of capital in the first nine months. The 

 nmnber of cattle in Brazil is about 17,000,000, 

 and hides are exported largely from the southern 

 province. In the swamps of the Amazon valley 

 great quantities of rubber are gathered. High 

 duties are paid on imports, and on several of the 

 chief products of the country export duties are 

 collected. Of the imports, which consist mainly 

 of cotton and woolen fabrics, preserved meat 

 and fish, wines and spirits, breadstuffs, coal, iron 

 and steel, and linen cloth, Great Britain sup- 

 plies about 45 per cent, of the total value, 

 Prance 17 per cent., and Germany 14 per cent. 

 Of the exports, about one third go to the United 

 States, one third to Great Britain, one tenth to 

 France, and an equal proportion to Germany. 

 The value of the exports from Rio in 1889 was 

 104.011,321 milreis (the value of th" milreis va- 

 ries from :J5 to 55 cents, according to the rate of 

 exchange). Almost the sole export from that 



point is coffee, of which 4..VJ0.906 bags of 60 

 kilos were >hipped from Kio, Santo.-., and Vic- 

 toria in 1889-90. During the -ame li-. a l year 

 l(ij.r.::t; tun* of sugar were exported from iVi- 

 nanibuco. The export of rubber from Para and 

 Manaos in 18H9 was 18,682 tons, and the number 

 of hides exported from Kio diande do Sul was 

 749,301. Cotton of the value of 15,000.000 mil- 

 reis. tobacco lor 5,000,000 milreis, and Paraguay 

 tea for ::,.")(Mi,iMiit milreis, were exported in 



During IKK!) the number of vessels entered at 

 the port of Rio de Janeiro was 1,875; the ton- 

 nage, 1,759,911 ; the number cleared, 1.1 KI ; ton- 

 nage, 1,587,011. The merchant marine in 1890 

 numbered 506 vessels, with an aggregate capa- 

 city of 149.006 tons, of which 121 were steamers 

 of 67,707 tons. 



Communications. The length of completed 

 railroads in May, 1889, was 5,331 miles. Nearly 

 all are single-track lines of one-metre gauge. The 

 state owns 2,091 miles. Most of the lines belong- 

 ing to companies have a guarantee, usually of or 

 7 per cent, interest, either from the General Gov- 

 ernment or from the States through which the 

 lines run. A complete national system of rail- 

 roads, giving an outlet to all the productive sec- 

 tions of the country, is one of the projects of the 

 new Government. A scheme embracing the con- 

 struction of 20,000 kilometres, or 12,500 miles, 

 has been approved, and the outlay for one fifth 

 of the whole appears in the budget for 1892. 



The telegraph lines, which belong to the Gov- 

 ernment, had a total length in 1889 of 10,720 

 kilometres, with 18,489 kilometres of wire. 



The number of letters passing through the 

 post-office in 1888 was 14.875,522; of news- 

 papers, 16,149,092 ; receipts for eighteen months, 

 2,210,000 milreis ; expenses, 2.760,000 milreis, 



The Army and Navy. The peace effective 

 of the army in 1890 was 1,600 officers and 28,400 

 men, forming 36 battalions of infantry. 1 trans- 

 port company, 1 depot company for instruction, 

 12 regiments of cavalry. 5 regiments of field and 

 5 battalions of foot artillery, and 2 battalions of 

 pioneers. The Gendarmerie number 10,000 men, 

 of whom 2.000 are quartered in the capital. 

 The National Guard is to be reorganized. 



The navy in 1890 consisted of 58 vessels, of 

 which 10 are ironclad, mounting 232 guns all 

 told. There were 5 cruisers, 17 gunboat-, '2 

 steamers, 5 schoolships, 13 auxiliary vessels, 2 

 propellers, and 14 torpedo boats. The crews 

 numbered 5,934 men, including officers. A fast 

 protected cruiser of 4,500 tons is not yet fin- 

 ished. . 



Finances. The budget for 1890 made the 

 total revenue 142,989.500 milreis, of which 87,- 

 000,000 milreis were the estimated receipts from 

 import duties, 2,590.000 milreis from port dues, 

 15,030,000 milreis from export duties, 13.440,- 

 000 milreis from railroads, 3,000,000 milreis 

 from posts and telegraphs, 19,120.000 milreis 

 from stamps, succession duties, and registration, 

 and 2.809,000 milreis from other sources. The 

 revised estimate made the total receipts 147,200,- 

 000 milreis. The expenditure for 1890 was es- 

 timated at 151,219,720 milreis. H.-J-Ji;.-V> milreis 

 being assigned to the Interior Depart men: 

 707 milreis to foreign affairs, 7,810,575 milreis to 

 justice, 11,495,000 milreis to the navy, 14,9H*99 

 'milreis to the army, 44.779,248 milreis to public 



