106 



CAPE COLONY AND SOUTH AFRICA. 



eral of Mozambique declared a state of siege in 

 Sofala and Manica, because agents of the South 

 Africa Company went about inciting the natives 

 to revolt. The Portuguese authorities at Beira, 

 while leaving the route open on condition of the 

 payment of 3 per cent, transit dues, insisted 

 on the recognition of Portuguese sovereignty. 

 The mails had to pass through the Portuguese 

 post-office, and when Gen. Willoughby, at the 

 head of an armed expedition, sailed up the 

 Pungwe in the " Alice," flying the British flag, 

 the vessel was stopped and the Portuguese flag ' 

 hoisted. While negotiations were going on be- 

 tween the two governments, Gungunhama, 

 whose indunas had signed a treaty accepting a 

 Portuguese protectorate at Lisbon in 1885, was 



Eersuaded to send an embassy to London to pray 

 ?r a British protectorate. The Portuguese col- 

 lected an army of 10,000 natives at Sena in prep- 

 aration for the hostilities threatened by the 

 South Africa Company. Natives who were sub- 

 ject to Gouveia's rule revolted, and were with 

 difficulty reduced to submission. 



Sir John Willoughby's party, which was 

 stopped at the mouth of the Pungwe, was only 

 the advance guard of a large body of immigrants 

 that the agents of the South Africa Company had 

 recruited in order to force the route open and 

 flood Manica with adherents of the company. 

 Major Johnston, who had been the leader of the 



Eioneers into Mashonaland, followed with several 

 undred well-armed miners, whom he conducted 

 across Portuguese territory from the coast. 

 When they had almost reached Massikessi they 

 were met on May 11 by the soldiers of the Por- 

 tuguese outpost, part blacks and part the student 

 volunteers from Lisbon, and, after fighting sev- 

 eral hours, killing seven Portuguese and losing 

 some of their own men, the English won the bat- 

 tle. The Portuguese force, commanded by Ma- 

 jor Caldas Xavier, was returning from an un- 

 successful attack on the fortified post of Chovaa, 

 held by the British South Africa Company's po- 

 lice, four miles west of Massikessi. 



Anglo Portuguese Agreement. To pre- 

 pare the way for a settlement of the South 

 African controversies,, it was necessary for the 

 officers of the South Africa Company to satisfy 

 the claims of the promoters of the Mozambique 

 Company. Arrangements were made by which 

 individual interests were secured, and English 

 capital was raised to enable the Portuguese com- 

 pany to work in the profitable field that was as- 

 signed to it. Lord Salisbury offered terms that 

 were more favorable than those contained in the 

 abortive treaty of Aug. 20, 1890, and the Portu- 

 guese Cabinet, knowing that a refusal of these 

 would result in the loss of all their South Afri- 

 can possessions, hesitated only through fear of 

 popular dissatisfaction that would again defeat 

 the treaty and drive them from office, and pos- 

 sibly result in the overthrow of the monarchy. 

 The principle followed was to reserve to England 

 all the healthful highland country adapted for 

 European settlement and to concede to Portugal 

 all the low-lying territory that can be inhabited 

 and cultivated only by colored races. To carry 

 out this idea and to gain Manica, the only im- 

 mediately attractive gold district since Matabe- 

 leland was closed, the English Government made 

 an important concession that of 50,000 square 



miles north of the Zambesi, thus abandoning the 

 cherished idea of continuous communication un- 

 der British jurisdiction through northern Zam- 

 besia and Nyassaland, Lake Tanganyika, and 

 Uganda, up to the Soudan. The draft of a new 

 treaty was completed in London on May 14, the 

 day on which the modus vivendi expired. In- 

 stead of the narrow triangle of land north of the 

 Zambesi, bounded by that river and the Shire on 

 one side and by a line drawn from opposite the 

 Ruo to near Tete on the other, the new treaty 

 gives to Portugal the whole north bank between 

 the Shire and the Loangwe. The boundary 

 starts from the Shire just below its junction 

 with the Shiwanga, proceeds by an irregular line 

 in a northwesterly direction to the intersection 

 of the fourteenth parallel of latitude with longi- 

 tude 33 30', and thence in a southwesterly direc- 

 tion to where the fifteenth parallel intersects the 

 Loangwe river, and follows the channel of the 

 river down to the Zambesi at Zumbo. In Cen- 

 tral Africa the English sphere is made coexten- 

 sive with the Barotse kingdom, which is sup- 

 posed to reach far beyond the sources of the 

 Zambesi, the limit laid down in the former 

 treaty, and approach the Portuguese settlements 

 on the Angola coast. South of the Zambesi the 

 territory allotted to the British South Africa 

 Company is enlarged, but yet the Portuguese re- 

 tain a slice of Manicaland. Along the south 

 bank of the Zambesi, Portugal has the ten-mile 

 strip at Zumbo allowed in the former treaty. 

 After a few miles the line in latitude 18 30' 

 turns sharply to the southeast and strikes the 

 Mazoe at about 33 of east longitude, and thence 

 the limit of the British South Africa Company's 

 territory is drawn directly southward to within 

 a few miles of the Limpopo, where it turns to 

 the southwest, leaving the mouth of that river 

 in the possession and control of Portugal. The 

 frontier proposed before ran south from the Ma- 

 koe along the thirty-third meridian for about a 

 degree, and then turned westward and followed 

 the course of the Sabi river, giving the whole of 

 Manica to Portugal. In the new frontier a de- 

 four is made near Massikessi, where substantial 

 Portuguese houses and large stores of trade 

 goods existed at the time when it was seized by 

 the English, in possession of the Portuguese, 

 with a patch in the neighboring highlands to 

 which Portuguese officers can repair in hot 

 weather. Umtasa is left to the English, and the 

 line in Manica is drawn along the eastern slope 

 of the plateau, it being understood that all terri- 

 tory east of longitude 33 will be Portuguese 

 and all west of 32 30' will belong to Great Brit- 

 ain. The exact line of demarkation is to be set- 

 tled by a joint survey. 



In Central Africa the dividing line between 

 the British and the Portuguese spheres of influ- 

 ence is formed by the middle of the channel of 

 the Zambesi from the Katima cataracts north- 

 ward to the Barotse country, and then follows 

 the western boundary of that territory. The de- 

 limitation will be made by an Anglo- Portuguese 

 boundary commission, and any disputes that 

 may arise will be referred to arbitration. In case 

 either country desires to alienate any part of 

 the territory south of the Zambesi, the other 

 shall have a pre-emptive option. Portugal guar- 

 antees religious freedom in all her possessions of 



