CAPE COLONY AND SOUTH AFRICA. 



107 



i 



Central Africa. For twenty-five years 

 t dues across PottoiffUMe territories 

 r c.-ut., miles- in tho course of five 

 rs tin- HritUh (iovormnent commutes tho 

 ami .-i-ciiiv- perpetual freednm of transit 

 ying i" Portugal tho capitalized value of 

 i MM MI per nniiiiin at 8 per coin, interest that 

 H lump sum of about 1,000,000. Precious 

 ..ml specie aro exempt from duty. In 

 c districts north of the Zambesi above thecon- 

 >f Uie Shire and south of the Zambezi 

 : ho Luenha, British merchandise is not 

 sul'joet to duty, and the same exemption is se- 

 cured for Portuguese merchandise in its transit 

 British territory in Nyassaland. Each 

 p<>\vor has tho right to construct railroads, roads, 

 telegraphs across the territory of the other in 

 same regions, subject to local laws and regu- 

 tions. Koch power shall respect all rights of 



Erivate property and mining concessions granted 

 y the other in the territories hitherto in dispute 

 " d now divided. Disputed titles to claims 

 thin thirty miles of the frontier shall be re- 

 to arbitration. Navigation on the Zam- 

 i and the Shire shall be free to the ships and 

 of all nations on the terms laid down for 

 ternational African rivers in the General Act 

 the Congo. The Limpopo is not made an in- 

 tional river; but. except on the Pungwe, 

 e Portuguese Government engages to allow 

 id to facilitate transport. It also promises to 

 nstruct a railroad from the coast to the bor- 

 of tho South Africa Company's territory, 

 her along the Pungwe or in the valley of the 

 si. The surveys for the railroad must be coin- 

 ted in six months from the conclusion of the 

 ,ty, and the date by which the line must be 

 ished was then to be agreed upon by the two 

 vernments. If the Portuguese Government 

 s not carry out the agreement, it must allow 

 company to bo chartered by some neutral 

 wer to build the railroad. It promises to con- 

 ct a line of telegraph and to keep open a 

 ighroad from the Pungwo to the British front- 

 r. < hitside the treaty an agreement was en- 

 into whereby a British company can estab- 

 ;h wharves and warehouses on the Chinde, and 

 Portuguese company shall have the same privi- 

 ege on the southwest shore of Lake Nyassa. 

 The bases of the new treaty were signed in 

 ndon on May 28. Lord Salisbury stipulated 

 at the treaty should be ratified by the Cortes 

 fore being signed by the British Government, 

 he modus vivendi was continued by agreement 

 r another month. The treaty was approved, 

 ith only six dissentient voices in the Chamber, 

 i June 6, and by an equally large majority of 

 e Senate, and on June 11 was signed at Lisbon, 

 nhor Ennes and Major Leverson, the Portu- 

 :ese and English boundary commissioners, went 

 Manica to begin the delimitation in July. 

 After the removal of the differences with Eng- 

 d, the Portuguese Government relieved itself 

 the expenses connected with the administra- 

 on of Mozambique, estimated at .155,000 a 

 ar, by separating it from the province of Loii- 

 noo Mannics and delegating all its sovereign 

 u'lits south of the Zaml>esi to the Mozambique 

 iiipany, which has come partly into the con- 

 '1 of Englishmen. The head of the local ad- 

 inistration on the coast will be a royal com- 



missioner, who will reside alternately at Lonn-n- 

 <; .Marques mid Mozambique. A railroad i> to 

 lie luiili from (^uilimune to the Shin- river. The 

 terrilory in tin- Zaiiiln-si valley will bo handed 

 over to chartered companies. 



(iiinguiihanm'H Embassy. The intrigues of 

 the British South Africa Company to acquire 

 the Portuguese sea-coast were not eotmtei 

 by the Marquis of Salisbury, who w,. 

 to abate the British pretensions and make sacri- 

 fices after the high handed acts of the English 

 in Manica and on the Pungwe and their treach- 

 erous incitement to rebellion of the black sub- 

 jects of Portugal, lest a Portuguese revolution 

 and war in Europe should result. The coming 

 of Gungunhama's envoys did not shake hi- d- 

 cision. By a treaty made in 1817, and in fuller 

 terms in the treaty of 1847, the Gaza country 

 that is, the whole Mozambique littoral from the 

 Zambesi to Delagoa Bay was recognized by 

 Great Britain as belonging to Portugal. Lord 

 Salisbury declared, to the chagrin of the man- 

 agers of the South Africa Company, that he 

 would have nothing to do with Gungunhama. 

 The monarch of the Gaza Zulus is a grandson of 

 a rebellious vassel of King Chaka who fled with 

 his followers from Zululand and conquered the 

 country north of the Limpopo in the early part of 

 the century. Another rebel chief migrated west- 

 ward and founded the Matabele Kingdom. Gun- 

 gunhama, when visited by the emissaries of the 

 British Company, denied that he owed allegiance 

 to the Portuguese. Though he had raised their 

 flag over his kraal ever since his succession, he 

 said it was merely a token of friendship ; that 

 Gouveia paid him tribute' for the country that 

 he occupied ; and that the Portuguese governor, 

 in sending him presents at regular intervals, ac- 

 knowledged him as over-lord. Eight years be- 

 fore he had petitioned the Natal authorities for 

 British protection. Now he sent Iluluhulu, his 

 ambassador on that occasion, and Umfeti to the 

 " Great White Queen " with the message, " I 

 want her to hold me up and be my shield." 

 While these messengers were on the way to Eng- 

 land, the faithless King sent another emboMj t" 

 Louren90 Marques with a message declaring his 

 vassalage and fidelity to Portugal, and offering 

 to fight for the Portuguese with all his forces if 

 any one should attack their dominions. 



The Boer Trek. While the British pioneers 

 were pushing their conquests into Portuguese 

 territory, they had to protect their allotted do- 

 main from the long-threatened Boer invasion. 

 By virtue of a treaty made by the Banyai chief 

 Chibe with Commandant Potyaieter and another 

 concession secured by one Adendorf, the Trans- 

 vaal Boers claimed Banyailand, the most fertile 

 part of Mashonaland, and many were willing to 

 join an expedition, under the lend of Yoi>tcr. 

 Adendorf, and Col. Ferreira, for the purpose of 

 taking forcible possession of that region and es- 

 tablishing a republic. Sir Henry Loch sent 

 troops from tho Cape to relieve the Bechuana- 

 land police, and the latter took the place of the 

 British South Africa Company's police, enabling 

 the company's officers to place a strong guard at 

 every crossing of the Limpopo. President Kru- 

 ger issued a vigorous proclamation, in conform- 

 ity with the obligations imposed by the conven- 

 tion of August, 1890, and he was "sustained by 



