..-thixl requires skill and close attention to 

 similar experiments, with successful 



ta, arc ive..r.li-d in the. separation of mer- 

 M|VIT, and cadmium from tungsten and 

 from molylxlenum, ami of copper from liistnutli. 

 .nlin^ to investigations by Prof. W. R 

 Dun.-tan ami T. S. Iiymoml of the conditions. 

 under which hydrogen peroxide is formed from 

 ether, ordinary ether, prepared from methylated 

 spirit, yields I hat, compound when it is exposed 

 \cral months to sunlight or the electric 

 Contrary, however, to the usual state- 

 ments, pure ether and ordinary ether which has 



purified by treatment with dry chromic acid 

 do not given t race of hydrogen peroxide when ex- 



1 to light under similar conditions. Neither 

 water nor dilute sulphuric acid was found to 

 form hydrogen peroxide when exposed to light 

 in contact with air. The production of the per- 

 oxide from ether was referred by the authors to 

 the presence of a minute quantity of impurity 

 in the ether employed. Hydrogen peroxide is 

 funned when ozone acts on ether in the presence 

 of water, and is also produced under certain con- 

 ditions during the slow combustion of ether in 

 contact with water. 



The methods in use for the disposal of sewage 

 are di\ idcd by Mr. C. G. Moore into three classes: 

 Lime processes, in which a good effluent is the 

 only thing aimed at, while the sludge is worth- 

 less; processes in which lime is not used, the 

 best known of which is that of precipitation by 

 a mixture of clay, alum, and charcoal with a 

 little blood, whereby a sludge of some little value 

 is obtained ; and irrigation, which is objection- 

 able on practical and sanitary grounds. Mr. 

 Moore proposes a way of distilling ammonia 

 from the sludge cake, in which the residue is 

 made to descend in the furnace to serve as fuel 

 for the succeeding charge. The furnace was 

 kept burning continuously, and fed with sludge 

 cake alone. The sludge, although some of it 

 contained 30 per cent, of water, gave ample heat 

 for its own combustion; and it might be used, 

 if desired, to raise steam in the same furnace. 

 The junmonia comes over with the liquor just as 



a works, together with a quantity of light, 

 buttery tar. which floats on the liquor. The 

 cakes are reduced to a fine ash, which, if the 

 temperature is raised by increasing the blast, 

 can IK) changed into clinker. A very slight 

 blast is sufficient to distill with. By this method 

 the author obtained 80 per cent, of the theoreti- 



B'eld of ammonia. 

 ILI, a republic in South America. The 

 itive power is exercised by a President, 

 elected for five years by the indirect vote of the 

 nation, and not re-eligible for the succeeding 

 term. He is assisted by five Cabinet ministers, 

 in charge of the main departments, and shares 

 his authority with a Council of State, of which 

 five members are nominated by him and six are 

 elected by Congress. The members of the Cabi- 

 net are members of the Council of State ex offi- 

 eio. The legislative power is vested in the Con- 

 gress, consisting of tne Senate, the members of 

 which are elected for six years, and of the 

 Chamber of IVpntii s, in which the term is three 

 y.-ars. The Senators, forty in number, are 

 elected to represent the provinces by the direct 

 vote of the people, and the Deputies, of whom 



CHILI. 



121 



there are 125, are chosen by the same electors 

 (every Chilian having a vote who can read and 

 write and is twenty-one years of age), in the pro- 

 port ion of one for every 80,000 inhabitants and 

 fraction thereof in excess of 15,000 in each de- 

 partment. Jose" Manuel Hnlmaceda was elect, ,1 

 President in 1880, to serve till Sept. 18, 1MH. 

 The ministry constituted on May 80, 1890, con- 

 sistc.l of the following members: Secretary of 

 the Interior, E. S. Sanfuentcs; Minister of For- 

 eign Affairs, Worship, and Colonization, J. E. 

 Mackenna; Minister of Jutitice and Education, 

 Baflados Espinosa; Minister of Finance, T. N. 

 Oandarillas; Minister of War and Marine, J. 

 Velasquez; Minister of Industry and Public 

 Works, J. M. Valdes Carrere. 



Area and Population. The area of Chili is 

 298,970 square miles, including 75.292 square 

 miles in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuegos ; the 

 territory of Antofagasta, that formerly belonged 

 to Bolivia, of which the area is 60,968 square 

 miles, the district of Tarapaca, 19.300 square 

 miles in extent, that was ceded by Peru in the 

 treaty of Oct. 20, 1883 ; and the Tacna province, 

 with an area of 8,685 square miles, the inhab- 

 itants of which are to decide at the end of ten 

 years whether it shall be Peruvian or Chilian 

 territory. The population of the 23 provinces 

 was estimated in the beginning of 1890 at 2,715,- 

 400, including 2,757 in the territory of Magal- 

 lanes, embracing the Chilian possessions south of 

 47 of south latitude. Santiago, the capital, had 

 200,000 inhabitants in 1885, and Valparaiso, its 

 seaport, had 105,000. The next largest towns 

 are Talca and Concepcion, with 24,000 each. 

 There were 87,077 foreign residents in Chili in 

 1885, of whom 57.882 came from Peru, Bolivia, 

 and the Argentine Republic, 6,808 were Ger- 

 mans, 5,303 British, 4,198 French, 4,114 Italians, 

 2,508 Spaniards, 1,275 Swiss, 1,164 Chinese. 924 

 Americans, and the rest from other parts of Eu- 

 rope and America. The estimates of population 

 are based on the census of 1885, which is known 

 to be imperfect. The country is supposed to 

 have not less than 3,173,000 inhabitants, includ- 

 ing 50,000 savage Indians. 



Finance. Aside from the nitrate duty, which 

 pays one third of the expenses of the state, im- 

 port duties constitute the main source of reve- 

 nue. The total receipts in 1888 were stated to 

 be 71,135.501 pesos, or dollars, and the expendi- 

 tures 46,135,501 pesos. The budget for 1890 

 made the revenue 90,645,735 pesos, and expendi- 

 tures 59,387,200 pesos. For 1890 a revenue of 

 58,000,000 pesos was expected in addition to the 

 balance of 31,257,526 pesos brought over from 

 1889, and the total ordinary expenditure was es- 

 timated at 67,069,809 pesos. The public debt on 

 Jan. 1, 1890, amounted to 93,617,955 pesos, in- 

 chiding 22,487,916 pesos of paper currency. The 

 foreign debt was 47,116,460 pesos, and the in- 

 ternal debt 24,013,579 pesos. 



The Army and Navy. The military law of 

 Dec. 30, 1887, fixed the strength of the army at 

 5,835 men, consisting of 2 regiments of field 

 artillery, a battalion of coast artillery, 8 battal- 

 ions of infantry, 1 of engineers, and 8 regiments 

 of cavalry. The National Guard consisted of 

 48.530 men. The regular army had 5 major-gen- 

 erals. 7 brigadiers, 29 colonels, 76 lieutenant- 

 colonels, and 824 subordinate officers. 



