CHINA. 



139 



the 



beer 



dowed with special privileges, number about 

 II, of whom only aliout !0,(HK>, including 

 \in .u'arri-.on of 13,000 men, can bo count - 

 'Teetivo service in \vur, Ix-ing drilled 

 in tin- European manner and armed with mod- 

 ern firearms. The troops of the eighteen prov- 

 he <ireen Flag or Chinese array, numbers 

 .(HM( ; I. ut of these not more than 98,000 wins 

 volunteers and 161,000 Ijan-djuns are effect- 

 . Tin- capital province of IVcliili is defended 

 99,000 soldiers, all well trained, with 581 can- 

 ns, of which -1*) arc of the patterns now used 

 In the province of Kwangsi and on the 

 inl of Formosa are strong bodies of instruct- 

 and disciplined troops provided with a supe- 

 r armament. 

 The frontier provinces of eastern Turkestan, 

 Hi, and Turbagatai are guarded by 30,000 sol- 

 diers of whom 8,100 have received military in- 

 struction. Mongolia has its own militia, num- 

 bering 117,000 men, and Tibet its two bodies of 

 militia, numbering 64,000 men, including 14,000 

 cavalry ; but of both bodies only 30,000 men are 

 kept underarms. According to these estimates, 

 tin 1 total numerical strength of the Chinese army 

 l,o:!x,000 men, of which number not more than 

 ,000 could perform service in case of war. 

 The Navy. The Chinese Minister of Marine 

 the reorganization of the war fleet on 

 European lines in 1885. The three squadrons 

 those of Canton, Foochow, and Shanghai were 

 then ordered to be combined to form the squad- 

 ron of the north and that of the south. The 

 Northern or Pei-Yang Squadron consists of 3 

 rge ironclads, 2 small ironclads, 2 cruisers, 11 

 boats, 4 torpedo cruisers, and 27 torpedo 

 The Nan- Yang or Southern Squadron is 

 ill in process of formation. There are 9 cruis- 

 ers. :' gunboats, and 9 dispatch boats in the Foo- 

 chow squadron. The Shanghai flotilla has an 

 armor-clad frigate, a gunboat, and several wood- 

 monitors, and the Canton flotilla consists of 



a dozen river gunboats. 

 Commerce and Production. The value of 

 the imports, as returned by the Bureau of Mari- 

 time Customs for 1889, was 110,884,355 haikwan 

 taels. and the value of the exports 96,947,832 

 tads. The direct imports from Great Britain 

 were 21,167,357, and the exports to Great Britain 

 ].").<i-"ii;,907 taels; the imports from Hong-Kong 

 <;:!.:;71,081, and exports to Hong-Kong 85,186,- 

 644 taels; imports direct from India 7,906,579, 

 and exports to India 1,089,965 taels; imports 

 direct from the United States 3,805,064, and ex- 

 ports to the United States 7,084,121 taels; im- 

 ports from Russia 766,170, and exports to Rus- 

 sia 7,289,322 taels ; imports from other European 

 countries .'.?< >.">.988, and exports to those coun- 

 tries 17,533,707 taels; imports from Japan 6,- 

 601,833, and exports to Japan 6,469,030 taels. 

 These figures include both the imports and ex- 

 ports of the open treaty ports and the junk trade 

 of 1 1 on::- Kong and Macao with the south of 

 China, which is declared at the custom houses 

 of Kowloon and Lappa. 



The imports of cotton goods in 1889 had a 

 total value of 36,135,596 haikwan taels, of which 

 1 ".( >M),000 taels represent cotton yarns; imports 

 of opium. 30,444,869 taels; of metals, 6,728,394 

 taeN; of rice, 6,021.000 taels ; of beche de mer 

 and other sea products, 4,508,937 taels ; of woolen 



goods, 8,975,476 taels ; of kerosene oil, 2,875,490 

 taels; of coal, 2,376,777 taels; of timber, 2,854,- 

 000 tads; ,,f raw cottmi, 1,213,840 taels. The 

 quantity of tea exported fell off from 2,1'. 

 piculsof 133J pounds in 1888 to 1,807,308 piculs, 

 of which 60:i,7:;s went to Great Britain, 



to the United States, 130,405 to Hong-Kong, 

 139,023 to Australia, and 536,494 to Russia. The 

 value of the tea exports was 28,257,000 

 falling a little behind the figure for raw silk, 

 which was 28,257,000 taels. Silk manufactures 

 were exported of the value of 7,760,000 taels; 

 cotton, 5,045,000 taels; sugar, 2,723,062 taels; 

 straw goods, 2,033,775 taels ; clothing, 1,709,591 

 taels; paper, 1,422,825 taels; mats, 1,241.000 

 ; fireworks, 1,215,000 taels; chinaware, 638,- 



428 taels. Of the total imports, agricultural 

 products made 40 per cent. ; fishery products, 

 2'8 per cent. ; forest products, 2'5 per cent. ; 

 mineral products, 11 percent.; and products of 

 industries, 43*7 per cent. Of the exports, 45 per 

 cent, consisted of agricultural, 35'8 of animal, 

 and 19'2 of industrial products. 



The report of the Maritime Customs for 1890 

 shows an increase of the imports to 127,093,481 

 taels, while exports declined to 87,144,480 taels. 

 The decline was due to inundations and the in- 

 creased competition of India and Ceylon in the 

 tea trade ; while the increase of 14 per cent, in 

 the imports was owing to the rise m the gold 

 value of silver, which acted also as a deterrent 

 of exportation. There was a much greater im- 

 port of rice. The import of cotton goods in- 

 creased 25 per cent. The consumption of Indian 

 yarn expanded in a remarkable degree, the im- 

 ports rising from 678,558 piculs in 1889 to 1,- 

 081,495 piculs. valued at 19,300,000 taels. The 

 export of tea fell off to 1,665,396 piculs, valued 

 at 26,663,450 taels. Silk, raw and manufact- 

 ured, declined from 36,401,967 to 30,255,905 

 taels. The duties collected by the Maritime 

 Customs in 1890 were 21,996,226 taels. 



Navigation. In 1889 there were 29,145 ves- 

 sels, of the aggregate capacity of 23,517,884 tons, 

 entered and cleared at the ports of China. Of 

 these, 24,604, of 22,684,132 tons, were steamers. 

 Of the total number 15,763, of 14,903,750 tons, 

 were British; 9,427, of 6,020,526 tons, Chinese; 

 2,656, of 1,582,648 tons, German : 528, of 441,667 

 tons, Japanese; 179, of 269.002 tons, French; 

 and 178, of 75,077 tons, American. 



Communications. The coal railroad from 

 the mines at Kaiping to the head of navigation 

 on the Petang was continued by way of Taku to 

 Tientsin, the total length being 86' miles. The 

 order to extend it to Tungchow, near Pekin, was 

 rescinded, and nothing has yet been done to 

 carry out the great scheme for a strategic rail- 

 road from Pekin to Hankow, on the \ angtse- 

 Kiang, which was approved by the Emperor in 

 1889. The net of telegraphs connects the capi- 

 tal with all the ports and the chief centers in 

 the interior. 



Anti-Christian Riots. The enmity of the 

 Chinese toward Europeans springs not merely 

 from race antipathy and superstitious prejudice. 

 The natural animosity that is felt in all parts of 

 the world, especially among the ignorant classes, 

 against people alien in race and civilization, is 

 intensified m China by intelligent motives of 

 self-interest arising from the treaty rights and 



