CHRISTIAN KNDKAYoR. 



CITIES, AMERICAN. 



145 



,uded the right to present their credentials 



Ktllperor ill per-o||. as I" Kliropean HOV- 



Kngland and the other powers huv 

 i iinoinalous relations with Oriental despots 

 liral advantage, for tin- international prin- 

 .f the equality of states would otherwise 

 nlc them from forcing the admission of 

 opium, dictating a tariff, and e\erei>inu' extra- 

 territorial so\ereignty. A so-called audience 

 : anted to the foreign representatives in 1878, 



'h wa- more like a review. During the ini- 

 I V of t he Kmperor I he audience quest ion COllld 

 IHJ pressed, and while Chinese ministers in 

 K u rope wi-re rrreivcd with great honor, the dip- 

 lomatic corns at IVkin has been humiliated and 

 reduced to impotence in tlio degree in which the 

 military power of China has been strengthened. 

 After the Emperor assumed the Government the 

 Kuropenn envoys began to press to be received at 

 court, the Knglish minister taking the lead. The 

 Kmperor was not unwilling, and the Tsungli- 

 Vamen arranged the forms and manner of an 

 audience, exacting in return. the right, always 

 refused lie fore by England, of maintaining con- 

 suls-general and other consular representatives 

 in Bong-Kong, Singapore, and other cities of 

 the British Empire. The place and ceremonial 

 were discussed, and some of the ministers were in- 

 clined to draw back, but they finally accepted the 

 plan proposed by the Tsungli-Vamen. The re- 

 ception took place on March 5, 181)1. in the izc 

 k\niH<i kn. or audiem-e hall, in which the Em- 

 peror receives the envoys of Corea, Annam, and 

 other vassal states, the Chinese ministers having 

 overcome their objections by promising that a 

 special edifice for the reception of foreign envoys 

 mould be built without delay. They were re- 

 ceived in a body, not singly, as they wished, by 

 the Emperor, who replied in a set formula to the 

 speech made by Herr von Brandt, the German 

 minister, which was interpreted in Manchu by 

 I'rincc Ch'ing, kneeling before the throne. The 

 Chinese envoys in Europe have urged the advis- 

 ability of placing diplomatic intercourse at Pe- 

 kin on the same footing as in Europe as a pre- 

 lude to demanding a revision of the treaties and 

 the equal treatment guaranteed by international 

 law. A more important step *than the March 

 audience was the reception of the French and 

 Russian ambassadors in November in the im- 

 perial palace. 



CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR, SOCIETIES 

 OF. The tenth International Convention of 

 Christian Endeavor Societies met in Minneap- 

 olis, July 9. President Francis E. Clark presided. 

 The report showed that the number of local so- 

 s was H5.274 (a gainst 11,013 in 1890), and 

 of members 1,008,980 (against 660,000 in 1890). 

 The societies had been organized in 30 denom- 

 inations. The five churches having the largest 

 number of societies reported were, in their order, 

 Presbyterian, 4,019 societies; Congregationalist, 

 8,645; Baptist. 2,381; Methodist, 2,0(58; and Dis- 

 ciples of Christ, 801. Three hundred and seven 

 societies were reported in foreign countries, of 

 which I'JO were in England. H2 in Australia. '',() 

 in India, 12 in Turkey, and 7 in China. Of jun- 

 ior societies, 855 were reported, and the exist- 

 ence of others was known. Stress was laid in 

 the report on the interdenominational character 

 of the societies as distinguished from undcnom- 

 vou xxxi. 10 A 



{national, and their agency in promoting the 



spirit of federation and Christian fellow-hip. All 

 the local societies w.-re advi-ed by resolution to 

 adopt what is called t he " revised pledge," con- 

 taining the clause, I will make it the rule of 

 my life to support my own church in every way, 

 especially in attending all her regular Sunday 

 ami ni'd-weck ser\ i<-es, unless prevented by a 

 reason which I can conscientiously give to the 

 Saviour"; and the lookout committees were di- 

 rected to use every effort to promote this, as well 

 as the other requirements in the pledge. To 

 cmphasi/e this underlying principle, the societies 

 were advised to submit important measures and 

 proposed lists of officers to the pastor and offi- 

 cers of the church for their approval. Union 

 with societies not connected with any evangel- 

 ical church was discouraged. In reaffirming the 

 principles of the society, prominence was given 

 to those of the utmost loyalty to their respective 

 denominations on the part of all the societies, 

 and steadfast personal love and service for the 

 local church of each, and a declaration was in- 

 serted that " Christian Endeavor interposes no 

 barrier to the denominational control of the 

 young people." and rejoices when denominations 

 suggest special lines of duty or activity. The 

 convention sermon was preached by the Rev. Dr. 

 0. II. Tiffany. The president's address presented 

 fidelity and fellowship as the two great factors 

 of the society. Papers were read and discussions 

 held at the several sessions on various topics 

 pertaining to the history, work, objects, scope, 

 and influence of the societies: 



CITIES, AMERICAN, RECENT GROWTH 

 OF. This subject, begun jn the " Annual Cyclo- 

 paedia " for 1886, has been continued through 

 every succeeding volume. In the six volumes 

 1886 to 1891 the recent progress of 360 cities is 

 set forth. 



Aberdeen, a city of Washington, the largest 

 on Gray's Harbor, at the apex of that body of 

 water, 16 miles from the bar, on both sides of 

 Chehalis river, about a mile from its mouth. 

 The northern part of the city is divided by 

 Wishkah river, a narrow but deep stream, whicn 

 affords excellent wharfage for vessels of the 

 largest tonnage in the heart of the city, and is 

 navigable 16 miles above its mouth. The Che- 

 halis has a depth at Aberdeen of from 40 to 75 

 feet, and a width of from 2,000 to 8,000 feet. 

 The entire water frontage of the city is over 2 

 miles, easily approached by two channels leading 

 from the entrance of the harbor, one on the 

 north and the other on the south. The harbor 

 named from Capt. Robert Gray, who first car- 

 ried the United States flag around the world. 

 and in 1791 discovered Columbia river, establish- 

 ing the claim of the United States on Oregon 

 is one of the safest and most accessible on the 

 Pacific coast. It has an area of 70,000 acres, and 

 a depth at low tide on the bar of 22 feet. It is 

 completely landlocked, and during the past year 

 more than 100 sailing vessels and from 4 to 6 

 steamers a month have crossed the bar without 

 accident. It is 350 miles nearer San Francisco 

 than the cities of Puget Sound, and 600 miles 

 nearer Oriental ports than that city. The busi- 

 ness portion of the city has been built on tide 

 lands reclaimed at great expense, and a short 

 distance from the harbor the land rises by easy 



