KAUTII, AREA AND POPULATION OF T1IK. 



pa- been instituted by governmental direction 

 .nil <>f tin- mure prominent of the im- 

 I'.ir conspiracy. fraud, cuiliex/leuient, 

 under false pretenses, and sinii- 

 . mid have been prosecuted with vig- 

 i important result of this coiiiinotioii, 

 ic of tin- earliest acts of tin- new I'lvmier, Mr. 

 i- in iiinvo for the appointment of a 

 mmi"ioii to examine thoroughly and re- 

 >rt upon I In- whole subject and the working 

 the Canadian civil service. The commission 

 lierii n|i|iointeil. tlu- four members of which 

 regarded with general commendation, and 

 ey entered upon their labors in the last week 

 mU'r. The commissioners George 

 . manager of the Merchants' Hank; Judge 

 urliridge, !!. Barhcau, and J. M. Courtney, 

 eputy .Minister of Finance, with J. H. Flock, 

 barrister, of London, as secretary are to examine 

 to the condition of the civil service in Ottawa, 

 d consider suggestions from experienced per- 

 to the best method of correcting irregu- 

 tii-s. It is understood that the instructions 

 the commissioners will empower them to in- 

 re into and report upon the matter of ap- 

 tintments, promotions r uiscipline,and duties, in- 

 liiig honi-s and extent of service and absence, 

 aries, and superannuation of members of the 

 cc. The investigation will cover all the de- 

 ments, as well as the staff of the Senate and 

 use of Commons. The commissioners are 

 n power to summon witnesses. The par- 

 entary session closed on the 30th of Septem- 

 . and was the longest on the records of the 

 minion. 



Navigation. In the registered tonnage of 

 mercantile marine the Dominion, taken sep- 

 iely. still retains its position as the third 

 ntry in the world. It is surpassed in this re- 

 t only by the United Kingdom and the Ger- 

 n Kmpire, Norway coming next as owner of 



isheries. The value of the product of the 

 shcries of Canada, by provinces, for the year 



ending Dec. 81, IN!), wo* a* follow: Nova Srr.tia, 

 Brunswick, (1600,068 : yu.-U-c 

 *l.<;i.->,r,>il; I'rin.-e Kdward Island. $1,041. |n!i; 

 Ontario, ^.(Ml,(^7 : British ( 'oluml.ia. *. 

 482; Manitobaand Northwest Territories, $2'.12,- 

 104; total, $17,714,902. against $l7.C..VJ.'i! in 

 the preceding year. The total number of vessels 

 and boats employed in the fisheries in 1HM was 

 80,872, valued at' $3,077,186; of men engaged in 

 this industry, 08,725 ; of nets, 5,541,285 fathoms, 

 valued at $1.005,858. The other fishing material 

 was valued at $2.000,147. 



It ail nays. The Dominion Government has 

 expended $189,745,691 in the form of bonuses, at 

 different time?, to different railways, down to 

 the close of 1890, which sum represents a con- 

 siderable portion of the public debt, ind is di- 

 rectly productive to the country at large, al- 

 though it brings in no immediate return to the 

 Government. In addition to this sum paid by 

 the Dominion Government/subsidies of Dominion 

 lands principally to lines in Manitoba and the 

 Northwest 1 erritories have been granted at 

 various times, amounting altogether, down to 

 the close of 1890, to 46,499,433 acres. If these 

 lands are placed at the lowest estimate, $2 an 

 acre, they represent a sum amounting to $93.- 

 998,866 ; if valued at the present valuation 

 placed on their unsold lands by the Canadian 

 Pacific Railway C'ompany, based on an average 

 of the sales of 1889 and 1890, $3.57 an acre, they 

 would represent a sum of $166,002,965. In 1890, 

 the paid-up capital that had been invested in 

 railways amounted to $786,447,812. The progress 

 of Canadian railroad construction is briefly 

 shown by the following figures: 1840, 16 miles 

 in operation ; 1850, 71 ; 1860, 2,087 ; 1870, 2,497 ; 

 1880, 6,891 ; 1890, 13,256; and in 1891, 14,320. 



Crops. In anticipation of the completion of 

 the statistical returns relative to the agricult- 

 ural harvest of 1891, it can only be said that, 

 taking the Dominion throughout, the product 

 for that year was considerably in excess of that 

 of every preceding year. 



E 



EARTH. AREA AND POPULATION OF 



E. In 1866 Dr. Ernst Behm estimated the 

 population of the earth at 1,350,000,000. This 

 calculation was revised from time to time in ac- 

 cordance with newer statistics and estimates of 

 geographers and travelers. In 1872 Dr. Behm, 

 in conjunction with Dr. Hermann Wagner, who 

 is now Professor of Geography at GSttingen, 

 "ililished a critical analysis and compilation of 

 available statistics of the area and popula- 

 of all countries and continents as a supple- 

 ment to Petermann's Mitteilungen," of which 

 Dr. Behm was editor. New issues of their "Be- 

 volkerung der Erde," in which all the figure-; 

 were linuight down to date, were published at 

 intervals of about two years, till 1882. Dr. I'.ehm 

 died while the eighth issue was in preparation, 

 nd it was not completed, because Prof. Wagner 

 as not able to do the work alone. In the sixth 

 'iotha, 1880) the estimate of the world's 

 filiation was 1,456,000,000. The population 



of China was estimated at 405,000,000. Later 

 investigations showed that this was an ex< 

 estimate, and when the seventh issue appeared it 

 was reduced to 850,000.000. The difference was 

 partly offset by higher estimates of the popula- 

 tion of some other countries, the total popula- 

 tion of the earth footing up 1,484,000,000. In 

 1886-'87 Prof. Levasseur published a collection 

 of statistics of the area and. population of the 

 earth in the "Bulletin" of the International 

 Statistical Institute. He made the total popula- 

 tion 1,483,000,000. In 1S!U the geographical es- 

 tablishment of Justus IVrliies issued an eighth 

 edition of the " Bevolkerung der Erde," Prof. 

 Wagner, who has worked up the figures for Eu- 

 rope and Asia, having found a coadjutor in Dr. 

 A. Sujian, the present editor of "Petermann's 

 Mitteilungen," who looked after the sections 

 dealing with Africa. America. Australia. Ocean- 

 ica. and the polar regions. In regard to coun- 

 tries that have no censuses, such as Turkey in 



