266 



EAST AFRICA. 



to bear on the opponents of Government as- 

 sistance, the company announced in the autumn 

 that unless imperial aid was secured, it would 

 be compelled to withdraw its forces and abandon 

 Uganda. The company asked of the Govern- 

 ment a subsidy of 40,000 a year for the period 

 that was expected to elapse before the railroad 

 could be built and a paying business developed. 

 Without waiting for the action of Parliament, 

 the company proceeded to make a final survey, 

 obtaining the services of Capt. Macdonald, of the 

 Royal Engineers, for the purpose. The cost of 

 the railroad is estimated at 1,800,000. 



German East Africa. The German sphere 

 of influence is bounded on the north by the 

 territory of the British East Africa Company, 

 and on the west it is divided from the Congo 

 State by a line starting in the north 1 south of 

 the equator near the head of Albert Edward 

 Nyanza, and continued by the Rusisi river and 

 the whole length of Lake Tanganyika. On the 

 southwest it is divided from the British protec- 

 torate of Nyassaland by a line defined in the 

 treaty of 1890 which is drawn from the south 

 end of Lake Tanganyika to the north end of 

 Lake Nyassa in such a way as to leave the 

 Stevenson road on the British side of the 

 boundary, which is continued southward through 

 about half the length of Lake Nyassa till Portu- 

 guese territory is reached, from which the Ger- 

 man sphere is separated by the Rpvuma river 

 flowing northeastward into the Indian Ocean at 

 Cape Delgado. The area is estimated at 345,000 

 square miles, and the population at 1,760,000. 

 The value of the exports in 1889 was 2,847,000 

 rupees. The export of ivory was 1,197,251 ru- 

 pees ; of gum copal, 304,289 rupees ; of sesame, 

 250,679 rupees ; of caoutchouc, 306,805 rupees. 

 The German Government is represented in East 

 Africa by an imperial commissary. The German 

 flag was raised in the place of that of the Sultan 

 of Zanzibar at Bagamoyoand other points on the 

 coast on Jan. 1, 1891, and notice was given that 

 goods would be allowed to be imported or ex- 

 ported only at the ports of Tanga, Pangani, 

 Saadani,Bagamoyo, Dar-es-Salaam,Kilwa, Lindi, 

 and Mikindani. A uniform duty of 5 per cent, 

 was placed on imports from Zanzibar. Major 

 von Wissmann, who organized the Schutztruppe 

 or military force of the protectorate, and as the 

 first imperial commissary acted also as com- 

 mander-in-chief during the operations for the 

 suppression of the Arab revolt in 1889-'90, was 

 relieved in April, 1891, and in his place was ap- 

 pointed as civil Governor, Baron von Soden, 

 formerly Governor of Cameroons. The com- 

 mand of the Schutztruppe was given to Lieut, 

 von Zalewski, who had authority to act for the 

 Governor when the latter was absent. Baron 

 von Soden expected to reduce the Scliutztruppe, 

 changed into an imperial force, for East Africa 

 was transformed into a crown colony under the 

 immediate direction of the German Government, 

 and to increase the revenue by raising import 

 duties and taxing natives, so as to obtain 2,000,- 

 000 marks per annum, which was considered suffi- 

 cient to defray all expenses of administration, im- 

 prove communications and open roads, and pro- 

 tect missions and companies. A military force of 

 1,000 men, half the former number, was con- 

 sidered sufficient, 200 forming a flying column 



and the rest being disposed of in garrisons. 

 Major von Wissmann and Dr. Karl Peters each 

 accepted the office of commissary for East 

 Africa, at the disposal of the Governor. 



Emin Pasha's Expedition. When Emin 

 Pasha reached the coast of Zanzibar with Stan- 

 ley's relief expedition at the close of 1880 lie 

 took service under the German East Africa 

 Company, and in April, 1890, departed at the 

 head of a large military force officered by Ger- 

 man military officers, with an abundant supply 

 of military stores and trade goods, for the pur- 

 pose of establishing stations in the interior and 

 reopening the caravan routes that had remained 

 closed during the rebellion of the coast tribes. 

 Major von Wissmann had great confidence in 

 the local influence and knowledge of Charlie 

 Stokes, an old resident in the country, who was 

 married to the daughter of a powerful chief, and 

 expected Emin to work in conjunction witli him 

 in the peaceful extension of German influence 

 and the development of trade with the people in 

 the lake region. When Emin went on to Tabora 

 and raised the German flag, Stokes made com- 

 plaint, and when the Pasha advanced into 

 Usonga, took sides in a local war and estab- 

 lished one of the rival chiefs in power, and 

 afterward broke up a caravan and released a 

 large number of captive slaves belonging to in- 

 fluential Arabs in Tabora, Stokes wrote to 

 Wissmann that he was destroying German in- 

 fluence. Emin went forward to make ready a 

 station on Victoria Nyanza for floating a steam- 

 boat, severing communication with Stokes, and 

 Wissmann, fearing that he might advance into 

 Uganda and proclaim a German protectorate 

 over that country, not knowing that a delimita- 

 tion treaty had been concluded between Ger- 

 many and England, sent orders for him to re- 

 turn to the coast as soon as he had established a 

 lake station. Major von Wissmann's charges of 

 insubordination againt Emin Pasha, which were 

 based on the representations of Stokes, were not 

 approved by Chancellor von Caprivi, and this 

 was one of the reasons for replacing him with a 

 civil administrator. He complained that Emin 

 had far exceeded the limit fixed for the cost of 

 the expedition, but later enough ivory was sent 

 to the coast to more than repay the expenses up 

 to date. While Lieut. Langheld and Lieut. 

 Sigl, two of his military subordinates, were fight- 

 ing a number of battles with the hostile Wan- 

 gonis, a warlike tribe of Zulu origin, whom they 

 finally subdued with the aid of the Wanyam- 

 wesi, Emin was engaged in building a permanent 

 station at Bukoba, on the west shore of Lake Vic- 

 toria, where he arrived on Oct. 31. 1890, having 

 first established a station at the south end. At 

 Bukoba he obtained a large grant of land from 

 the local chief with a view to establishing there 

 the chief depot for the German trade, as the 

 climate is mild and the place healthful. The 

 place to buy ivory was the neighboring kingdom 

 of Karagwe, which has always been the chief 

 market for all the countries around. He received 

 a cordial invitation from the ruler of Karagwe, 

 and, in February, 1891. went to plant a small 

 station there, leaving Lieut. Langheld with a 

 garrison at Bukoba. In Karagwe he founded a 

 German station at Kafuro, where he left an offi- 

 cer and a guard of soldiers. King Kigeri, of 



