EAST AFRICA. 



country that has hitherto been closed 



Europeans and Arab.-, invited the Pa-li;i 

 im. ami when tin- central station in Kur- 

 IH was completed ho went thither with In- ex- 

 :i, tin- most powerful of any thut hail visited 

 it of Africa wit li tin- exception of the force 

 ,1 Inch lie and Stanley niarehed from Al- 

 i lie coast. It was the proximity 

 inin Pasha that impelled the British Kast 



( umpany to bankrupt itself to fit out a 

 rried expedition and sent Capt. Lugard by 

 i inarches to Meiigo in order to be I >efn re- 

 in making a treaty of protection with 



.da. King Mwanga desirea a German pro- 

 lie had I teen willing to treat \\ith 

 . whose action was disclaimed by the 

 ui (i.ivernment. When Kmin Pasha was 

 cm the lake, he sent envoys to offer his allegiance 

 riiiany. Kmin had then learned of the 

 -tin-man agreement, and he returned an- 

 that l'i:anda was in the English sphere, 

 they had secured the treaty with I'ganda 

 the Kngli>h were still afraid that Emin Pasha 

 ; return to Wadelai and raise the German 

 \er the province he had formerly ruled as 

 the Kludge's Governor, as that was not ex- 

 plicitly resigned to England. Emin had a plan 

 from Ruanda to Lake Tanganyika to pre- 

 -tat ions for trade and make arrangements 

 for launching .steamers. Such a continuation of 

 the expedition would be dangerous, for the 

 Arabs were massed at the north end of Tangan- 

 yika, killing people and carrying off captives, 

 and they were prepared to make a desperate 

 for the slave trade. He conceived an am- 

 bitious project, and to carry it out he only needed 

 ^ more rifles and a supply of cartridges. 

 This was to pass through the northeast corner 

 of the Con^o State's territory into the unclaimed 

 and unexplored regions lying north of the fourth 

 :<'l, which form the Hinterland of Cam- 

 s, and make his way across the continent, 

 the (icnnan colony on the western coast. 

 Thi' /alewski Expedition. Trade revived 

 and caravans began to come down to the coast 

 along the old caravan routes as soon as the Arab 

 was put down by Major von Wissmann in 

 IMi'i. The task to which the German military 

 forces were confined was to guard the trade 

 routes from the attacks of predatory tribes, such 

 as the .Massai in tho north and scattered Zulu 

 tribes in other parts of the German sphere. No 

 attempt was made to defend the peaceful tribes 

 that, were being annihilated by Arab slave raid- 

 or to stop the new routes that the slave 

 rs had made, though whenever a slave cara- 

 van was encountered by a German detachment, 

 the slaves were liberated and the ivory was con- 

 d. Iii the Kilimandjaro region the two 

 companies had to compete for the customs, and 

 the Germans exerted themselves to improve the 

 roads. pre\ent .Massai depredations, and attract 

 as much trade as possible to their ports. Major 

 v.in Wissmann. in February, 1891, built a forti- 

 -tation at the foot of the mountain, and left 

 dy of soldiers there, after chastising the 

 Arusha tribe and other Massai marauders. 

 I>r. Peters, who had re-entered the service of the 

 German Kast Africa Company, was active later 

 in developing commerce and improving 

 curity in the frontier region. The old routes of 



the ivory trade to Bagamoyo and Dar-i-K-Salaam 

 were the chief care of the German flii ers, who 

 made no attempt to establish their authority 

 over the wild tribes in the south between I*ukc 

 i and the sea. The people of I sagara and 

 the Swahcli half-castes of the coast, after Hiishiri 

 was hanged and Banaheri banished, and their 

 fight for the slave trade was over, returned to 

 peaceful planting and trading. The Germans 

 did not interfere with slavery, but accepted it as 

 a necessary condition of tropical agriculture, and 

 employed slaves on their own tobacco and cotton 

 plantations. The English found t hemscl ves com- 

 pelled to do the same, but by their decree of future 

 emancipation and their system of enabling slaves 

 to earn their freedom, they prevented planting 

 operations on their coast, except experiments 

 instituted by the company. Trie Arab slave 

 traders of the coast districts and of Tabora and 

 other centers in the interior could still carry on 

 their business in secret by avoiding German 

 troops and the old trading stations. The semi- 

 civilized natives of Unyamwesi and Karagwe 

 were reconciled to German sovereignty by Stokes 

 and Emin. Not so the warlike tribes in the 

 north, the Watuta and Wangoni, extreme out- 

 posts of the Zulu migration. The latter were 

 unsuccessfully attacked by Stokes, but were after- 

 ward so severely punished by Emin's lieutenants 

 that they sued for peace in February. After 

 that there was nothing to impede the regular 

 channels of traffic and transportation in the 

 neighborhood of Lake Victoria, although the 

 small German forces were there only by the suf- 

 ferance and support of the inhabitants, who aided 

 them in putting down the unruly tribes. It was 

 near the other end of the trade route, within 

 striking distance of the coast, that a serious in- 

 terference with trade continued to exist. Another 

 Zulu tribe, the Wahehe, formerly occupied an ele- 

 vated plateau north of the Ruaha river, about 

 100 miles southwest of Bagamayo, and 150 miles 

 from the north end of Lake Nyassa. They were 

 successful cattle breeders and agriculturalists, and 

 added to their possessions by frequent raids on 

 their neighbors. About twenty vears ago they 

 conquered the great chief of the \Varori, and ex- 

 tended their dominion over t'rori, Ubena, and 

 Usango. They received hongo or tribute from 

 the whole country between the Ruaha and the 

 Rufiji, and as allies of Bushiri, with whom their 

 chief had sworn blood brotherhood, they con- 

 tinued to wage a savage war against the Germans 

 by plundering the caravans that passed through 

 Lgogo, and robbing villages. The chiefs were 

 warned by Baron von Billow, commandant at 

 Mpwapwa", and made promises of amendment, 

 but continued their depredations. He had not 

 force enough to cope with them. When Baron 

 von Soden and Lieut, von Zalewski were settled 

 in their posts. the\ concluded that it wa- 

 sary to punish tho Wahehe. An exju-dition was 

 fitted out. which started from Mpwapwa nn July 

 :{(). The chiefs, Mamkussa ami Manamtua, in 

 the KulK'ho mountains, fled In-fore them, and 

 they burned the villages as they advanced. 

 Passing through Manu-e. they crossed the Knaha 

 nt Masomhi. burned about fifty villages in the 

 thickly peopled plateau of Mage, and on Aug. 1?. 

 when entering a thick forest on the march to 

 Mdwaro, they were set upon by the Wahehe, 





