322 



GERMANY. 



26. During six years the population of Berlin had 

 increased 3'65 per cent, and that of the other 25 

 cities 2-83 per cent. The urban population in 

 1885 constituted 36'1 per cent,, of the total in 

 1871 ; in 1885 the proportion had risen to 43-7 

 per cent. ; and in 1891 it was 47'8 per cent. 



Finances. The imperial revenue is derived 

 from customs, certain excise duties, stamps, and 

 the post-office, telegraphs, and state railroads. 

 For the year ending March 31, 1891, the ordinary 

 military and naval expenditures were 482,691,000 

 marks (1 mark = 24 cents), the extraordipary 

 expenditures were 279,246,000 marks, the debt 

 charges were 46,623,000 marks, and the general 

 expenses of the Government were 451,777,000 

 marks. The total revenue for the year ending 

 March 31, 1892, was estimated at 1,130,645,888 

 marks, of which 588,996,140 marks are derived 

 from customs and excise, 34,506,000 marks from 

 stamp duties, 23,790,807 marks from posts and 

 telegraphs, 20,298,500 marks from railroads, 2,- 

 691,700 marks from the Imperial Bank, 1,185,300 

 marks from the Government printing office, 8,- 

 739,719 marks from receipts of the various de- 

 partments, 3,128,955 marks from various other 

 sources, 441,600 marks from interest on imperial 

 funds, 24,453,293 marks from interest on the In- 

 valid fund, 98,790.369 marks from extraordinary 

 sources, and 322,623,505 marks from matricular 

 contributions or assessments on the states of the 

 empire for the difference between the estimated 

 receipts and expenditure. Of the total expen- 

 diture, 390,025 marks are appropriated for the 

 Reichstag, 148,260 marks for the Chancellery, 

 9,161,415 marks for foreign affairs, 16,221,098 

 for the Ministry of the Interior, 412,550,954 

 marks for the army, 42,818,633 marks for the 

 navy, 1,956,156 marks for the Ministry of Justice, 

 336,216,420 marks for the Treasury Department, 

 304,090 for the Ministry of Railways, 53,861,500 

 marks for the service of the debt, 607,583 marks 

 for the Audit Office, 40,905,640 marks for pensions, 

 25,453,293 marks for the Invalid fund, 540,000 

 marks for increase of salaries, and 189,510,821 

 marks for extraordinary purposes. The extraor- 

 dinary expenditure includes 71,303,510 marks 

 for the army, 51,062,150 marks for the navy, 80,- 

 700,000 marks for the Interior Department, and 

 10,242,500 marks for the debt. 



The funded debt in the beginning of 1890 

 amounted to 976,502,000 marks. To meet extraor- 

 dinary expenditures a further loan of 257,007,- 

 000 marks was authorized. The unfunded debt 

 represented by treasury bills was 126.552,405 

 marks on March 31, 1889. The Invalid fund at 

 that date amounted to 476,649,024 marks, 3,459.- 

 450 Frankfort florins, and 5,563.462 silver marks. 

 Of the Fortification fund, 138,548 marks were un- 

 expended, and the fund for the erection of the 

 Reichstag building amounted to 16,520,453 marks. 

 The war treasure saved from the French indem- 

 nity and hoarded in the fortress of Spandau is 

 120,000,000 marks in gold coin. On Feb. 20. 

 1891, the books were opened for a new imperial 

 loan of 200,000,000 marks, and for Prussian con- 

 sols to the amount of 250,000,000 marks. 



The budgets of the several German states, with 

 their debts, incurred mainly for railroad con- 

 struction, are given, in marks, in the following 

 table, the figures relating in most cases to 1891 

 and in others to the year before : 



The Army. Every German capable of bear- 

 ing arms may be called upon to do service in the 

 standing army for seven years. He may be sum- 

 moned at the age of eighteen, but as a rule his 

 service begins after he has passed his twentieth 

 year. He serves three years in the active army, 

 and for the remaining four he belongs to the re- 

 serve of the active army. For the next five years 

 he may be called upon to serve in the first ban 

 of the Landwehr, and for seven more in the second 

 ban. The Landsturm embraces all physically 

 competent men between the ages of seventeen 

 and forty-five who are inscribed in the standing 

 army, the Ersatz troops, or the Landwehr ; and 

 it is divided into two bans, the first of which 

 consists of those under, and the second of those 

 over, the age of thirty-nine. The Landsturm 

 can not be called upon to serve beyond the front- 

 iers. The conscripts are chosen by lot from the 

 300.000 or more able-bodied men who arrive an- 

 nually at the age for entering the army. All 

 who are not drawn for the active army are en- 

 rolled in the Ersatz troops for twelve years, and 

 then pass into the Landsturm. A part of the 

 Ersatz men receive twenty weeks of military 

 training. About 8,000 young men are admitted 

 to the army every year as volunteers, who are 

 released from further active service on serving 

 for one year, if they conform to the required in- 

 tellectual requirements and pay their own ex- 

 penses. On passing examinations, one-year vol- 

 unteers may become commissioned officers. The 

 non-commissioned officers are taken by prefer- 

 ence from among the soldiers who have shown 

 capability, and for adequate pay are willing to 

 adopt the military life as a profession. Intelli- 

 gence and good conduct earn for men of the regu- 

 lar army an indefinite leave of absence after two 

 years of active service. 



The standing army is organized territorially in 

 .19 army corps: First, East Prussia; Second, 

 Pomerania; Third, Brandenburg; Fourth, Sax- 

 ony ; Fifth, Posen ; Sixth, Silesia ; Seventh, 

 Westphalia ; Eighth, Rhineland ; Ninth, Schles- 



