GERMANY. 



: uls htw not been materially augmented, 



v 'Id-. I h- mines, and tin- f i in >!> has in- 



iied their full producthe capacity in 



For lliis reason and because of tin- in- 



( wealth and spread nf luxury tin- exports 



:;..! kepi pact- \\illi I hi- ini|icirts, and since 



:! xport movement \ui- been checked, 



illy in tin- iron and steel branches, because 

 tin- increased prices ,,( bread, meat, and liquors, 

 owing I" new protectne measures |,,r tin- Ixjncfit 

 iciiltuiv, wen- enhanced, driving workmen 

 mtii strikes; and the iron industry could no 

 compete in ini|... riant branches with that 

 ti r.ntain ix-raiise the coal-miners' strike 

 and the inciva-ed consumption of coul for domes- 

 tic heating had raised the price of fuel. In 1890 

 the exports to the United Slates were about 8 

 nt. greater in value than in the preceding 

 of the (ierinan exports of hosiery in that 

 year (id per cent, went to the United States; of 

 linen manufactures, ISO per cent. ; of silk manu- 

 factures, 4'J per cent. ; of cotton manufactures, 22 

 per cent. ; of wool manufactures, 14 per cent. ; of 

 porcelain, 40 per cent. ; of glass, 18 per cent. : of 

 chemicals and colors, 10 per cent.; of fancy 

 articles. :!;{ percent.; of wines, 34 per cent.; of 

 gloves. rT per cent. Of the imports of raw cot- 

 ton, ">(> per cent, came from the United States; 

 of grain, 11 per cent.; of Indian corn, 65 per 

 cent. ; of beef, 23 per cent. ; of leaf tobacco, 23 per 

 cent.; of lard, 83 per cent; of petroleum. 85 per 

 cent. The effect of the new American tariff law 

 was seen in 1891 in diminished exports from 

 Germany to the United States of sugar and of 

 woolens, cutlery, and many other manufactures. 

 Navigation. The number of vessels entered 

 inward in 1889 was 67,457, of 12,905,445 tons, of 

 which 57,161. of 11,822.040 tons, were with car- 

 goes, and 10,296, of 1,083,405 tons, in ballast. 

 The number cleared outward was 67.391, of 12,- 

 !i6:j..->03 tons, of which 48.740, of 8,843,750 tons, 

 were with cargoes and 18,651, of 4,119.752 tons, 

 in ballast. Of the total number entered with 

 cargoes, 38,223, of 5,747.460 tons, were German 

 ships: 5.356. of 3,657,590 tons, were British: 

 4.<m<i. of 607,842 tons, were Danish ; 2,954, of 

 579,952 tons, were Swedish ; 1.177, of 389,271 

 tons, were Norwegian ; and the remaining 2,150 

 belonged to other countries. 



The merchant marine in the beginning of 1890 

 consisted of 815 steamers, of 617.911 tons, and 

 '.>,??! sailing vessels, of 702,810 tons, a total of 

 3,594 vessels, of 1.320,724 tons, of which U'lri. 

 of 329,722 tons, belonged to Haltic ports, and 

 2.349, of 990,999 tons, to the North Sea ports. 

 The number of sailors was 37,857. Of the sail- 

 ing vessels 1,564 and of the steamers 165 were 

 under 100 tons; 788 sailing vessels and 211 

 steamers were between 100 and 500 tons; 236 

 sailing vessels and 196 steamers were between 

 500 and 1,000 tons; and 191 sailing vessels and 

 243 steamers were over 1.000 tons. These fig- 

 ures do not include the vessels engaged in the 

 coasting trade and inland navigation, which 

 numbered 20,390 in 1888, and measured about 

 8,160,000 tons. 



Railroads. The length of state railroads 

 and private railroads under state management 

 in IX'.M) was :!<i,?S? kilometres, and the length of 

 private railroads under separate management 

 was 4,389 kilometres, making in all 41,176 kilo- 



metres, of which 12,539 kilometres had two or 

 more tracks. 'I lie C,,M ,,f construction waft 9.- 

 770,l'0 1,4 -46 marks, equal to an average of about 

 $90,000 a mile. The capital >--\ to th prc.-.-nt 

 owners was lO.'J.V.i.nl ..~i7i; marks. The nnn:l..-r 

 of pas-eiigi-r> carried during the fiscal year 1889- 

 '90 wa~ 848,804,927, and the amount "of freight 

 transported was :jr,',0!i:!,:!:!! tons. The receipt* 

 from passengers were H:!:{,H!>4,172 marks, and 

 from freight N ;::.' 1 l,:tl 1 marks. Including other 

 receipts, exclusive of intere-t on mortgages, the 

 total was 1,264,656,117 marks. The total ex- 

 'penses, exclusive of those for extensions and 

 interest, were 683,117,000 marks, which was 04-02 

 per cent, of the gross receipts. The net receipts, 

 after deducting all expenses, represent 0'88 per 

 cent, of the original cost and 5-6 per cent, of the 

 invested capital. The number of persons em- 

 ployed was 315,729, whose salaries and wages 

 averaged $270, and consumed 28 per cent, of 

 the gross receipts. The above statistics do not 

 include the narrow-gauge railroads, which had a 

 length of 872 kilometres, and returned a profit of 

 3'28 per cent, on the invested capital. 



The Post -Office and Telegraphs. The 

 number of letters carried by the imperial and 

 the Bavarian and Wilrtemberg post-offices in 

 1889 was 1,014,659.330; of post cards, 323.083,- 

 840; of printed inclosures. 365,130,680; of sam- 

 ples, 23,880,490 ; of newspapers, 760.973,438 ; the ' 

 amount of money sent, 22,241,469,704 marks. 

 The number of employes was 120,629 in the 

 postal and telegraph services, of which the re- 

 ceipts were 241,527.621 marks and expenses 209,- 

 855,998 marks. The length of telegraph lines 

 was 98,391 kilometres, with 334,083 kilometres 

 of wire. The number of private messages was 

 16,705,959, and of official 1,277,291 in the internal 

 service, and in the intemational 3,255,344 were 

 sent, 3,638,736 received, and 970,506 forwarded 

 in transit. 



The Reichstag. In the session that ended on 

 May 9 the measure that was most discussed was 

 the act for the protection of workmen, framed in 

 accordance with the recommendations of the 

 Berlin Conference of 1890. The act to amend the 

 trade laws, as it was called, was under the con- 

 sideration of the Reichstag for a full year, and 

 was passed on the closing day of the session, 

 when the Parliament was not prorogued, but 

 was simply adjourned, after the precedent estab- 

 lished in 1890, in order that certain committees 

 might continue their unfinished work. The act 

 goes into force on April 1, 1892. Masters are 

 bound by its provisions to grant their workmen 

 absolute rest lor twenty-four hours on Sundays. 

 and for forty-eight hours on Church festivals like 

 Christmas. Kaster. and Whitsuntide, though in 

 certain occupations work may be permitted for 

 five hours on Sundays and the second day of the 

 religious feasts. Communes .may limit or forbid 

 labor on certain days. Exceptions to the pro- 

 hibition of Sunday work are made in favor of 

 persons employed in public places of amusement, 

 in hotels, and on railroads. The Federal Coun- 

 cil is empowered to fix a maximum working day 

 in such trades and occupations as seem harmful 

 to persons employed by reason of overwork, and 

 other safeguards arc created for the protection 

 of the lives and health of workers. The laws 

 treating of journeymen and apprentices are 



