332 



GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 



outnumber the Catholics by 100,000, the major- 

 ity being found mainly in the counties of An- 

 trim and Down. The number of uninhabited 

 houses was 45,717, showing an increase of 12-8 

 per cent. The population of Dublin city in- 

 creased from 249,602 in 1881 to 254,709 in 1891, 

 or 2 per cent. ; including the suburbs the in- 

 crease was from 339,101 to 352.090. Belfast in- 

 creased in population from 208,122 to 255,896, 

 or 23 per cent. : Cork decreased 6-3 per cent., or 

 from 80.124 to 75,070 ; Limerick decreased from 

 38,562 to 37,072, or 3'9 per cent, ; Londonderry 

 increased from 29,162 to 32,893, or 12-8 per cent.; 

 and Waterford decreased from 22,457 to 21,693, 

 or 3-4 per cent. 



The total population of the United Kingdom 

 as enumerated on April 5, 1891, was 37,740,283. 

 The English population constitutes now 72-8 

 per cent, of the whole, the Welsh 4 per cent., the 

 Scotch 10-7 per cent., and the Irish 12'5. The 

 relative growth of the English element is seen 

 by comparing the census of 1821 when 54 per cent-, 

 of the population lived in England, 3'4 per cent. 

 in Wales, 10 per cent, in Scotland, and 32-6 per 

 cent, in Ireland. The population of the Isle of 

 Man, which was recently on the decline, is ad- 

 vancing again in numbers, and the same is true 

 of the Channel Islands, their population being 

 147,870, compared with 141,260 in 1881. 



The number of marriages in England and 

 Wales in 1889 was 213,696; of births, 885,179; 

 of deaths, 517,968. Though 3'8 per cent, more 

 male infants are born annually, there are no 

 more males than females among children of the 

 age of ten, and in the adult population there are 

 only 949 men to every 1,000 women. The num- 

 ber of marriages in Scotland for 1889 was 26,- 

 318; of births. 122,770; of deaths, 73,203. In 

 Ireland the number of marriages was 21,478 ; of 

 births, 107,782 ; of deaths, 82,986. The propor- 

 tion of illegitimate births was 4-6 per cent, of 

 the total births in England and Wales, 7'9 per 

 cent, in Scotland, and 2 - 8 per cent, in Ireland. 



The number of emigrants, natives and foreign- 

 ers, who left the United Kingdom in 1890 was 

 316,145, of whom 233,571 were bound for the 

 United States, 31.930 for British America, 21,604 

 for Australasia, and 29,040 for other destinations. 

 In 1889 the total number of emigrants was 342,- 

 641, of whom 163,518 were natives of England 

 and Wales, 25,354 of Scotland, and 64,923 of Ire- 

 land. There were 147,398 immigrants in 1889, 

 making the net emigration 195,243. Of the im- 

 migrants, 103,070 were of British and Irish origin, 

 which deducted from the total emigration of 

 253,795 British subjects leaves an excess of 150,- 

 725 emigrants of British nationality. 



During the ten years, ending with 1890,3,552,- 

 952 persons have emigrated from the United 

 Kingdom, of whom 1,571,856 were English, 278,- 

 671 Scotch. 735,555 Irish, and 966,870 foreigners. 

 In 1891 the emigration was much less. than in 

 the preceding year, the net emigration of per- 

 sons of British, and Irish origin being almost 

 stationary, although there was a larger move- 

 ment of foreign emigrants passing through Eng- 

 land on the way to America. 



The Army. The number of troops and the 

 cost of maintaining each branch of the service 

 must be exhibited in the army estimates, sub- 

 mitted for the sanction of Parliament each vear. 



The estimates voted in 1890 provide for an army 

 composed of 7,475 commissioned officers, 999 

 warrant officers, 15,958 sergeants, 3,670 musi- 

 cians, and 125,381 private soldiers, with 14,432 

 horses. This does not include the British army 

 in England and includes only the staff of the 

 militia and other auxiliary forces. The regular 

 troops maintained in the United Kingdom in 

 1890 consisted of 12,470 cavalry, 17,584 artillery, 

 5,370 engineers, and 68,682 infantry and special 

 bodies, having altogether 13,101 horses and 282 

 field guns. Inclusive of the troops in India, the 

 total strength of the regular army in the begin- 

 ning of 1890 was 210,218 officers and men, of 

 which number 73,387 were in England, 3,752 in 

 Scotland, 26,977 in Ireland, 4,135 in Egypt, 27,- 

 147 in the colonies, 72,999 in India, and 1,821 on 

 passage. Of the rank and file as returned in 

 January, 1890, there were 151,311 born in Eng- 

 land and Wales, 16,538 in Scotland, 28,720 in 

 Ireland, 4,924 in the colonies and India, and 355 

 of foreign or unknown nativity. The number of 

 men of all ranks enrolled in the various forces in 

 1890 was 696,048, and the number reported as 

 effective was 618,967, classified as follows: Reg- 

 ular troops at home and in the colonies, 137,- 

 054 ; first class of the army reserve. 54,239 ; sec- 

 ond class of the army reserve, 1,926; militia, 

 117,309; yeomanry cavalry, 10,789; volunteers, 

 224,029; Indian establishments, 73,629. Great 

 Britain and Ireland are divided into 14 military 

 districts, which are subdivided into 102 regiment- 

 al districts for infantry, each under a colonel, 

 who commands in addition the militia forces, as 

 do the colonels placed over the 12 artillery and 

 2 cavalry districts. Each line regiment consists 

 of 2 battalions, of which one usually is serving 

 abroad while the other is stationed at home. 

 The army in India is recruited from the pick of 

 the troops, who are commonly enlisted at an im- 

 mature age, eighteen or under, whereas the 10,- 

 000 or more men drafted to India every year 

 must be of good physique and not under twenty 

 years old. The lack of discipline which was ex- 

 hibited by one of the battalions of the Grenadier 

 Guards in acts of insubordination that caused 

 the temporary of the battalion to Bermuda in 

 1890 came to the surface again when another 

 battalion of the same regiment, on April 20, 1891, 

 refused to turn out for parade, alleging that 

 their officers subjected them to excessive drills 

 in order to gain leisure for travel and luxurious 

 amusements. The same spirit of discontent was 

 manifested at the time of the visit of the German 

 Emperor in July by the young soldiers of another 

 crack regiment, the Foot or Coldstream Guards, 

 who attempted to mutiny on account of the 

 severe work that was required of them. The 

 critics of the army published many complaints 

 in 1891 of the failures in discipline and efficiency 

 of the short-service soldiers, and of the weapons 

 with which the troops were provided, alleging 

 that the artillery were trained with old 12-poun- 

 ders, and that the modern field giins that had 

 been adopted had not yet been furnished, and 

 that the infantry had been armed with a hastily 

 accepted magazine rifle that was constantly fail- 

 ing and was inferior to the types adopted by 

 other nations. The magazine rifle was made the 

 subject of a debate in Parliament on Feb. 3, when 

 the Cabinet was sustained by a majority of 34. 



