(iKKAT I'.IMTAl.N AND IKKI.AND. 



ncnl pasture, lU.oiT ; in h"|is, 54,905 



. I'alli'W. .~,IIS, 1 I'.l 



In Ireland lln- an-a nf grain crops \\a- l.." ( | 1.11117 



:i cr.-ps. I.VM I. .'!!)( acres ; ila\, ' 

 ; clover, -,'i-ass, and pasture, I '.:;< i I. .';:, 

 : l'al!"\\. |."i.."i:;s m-res. The aiva under 



win-Hi in (iiv.-ii Britain was 2,883,886 acres, and 



.ii'l i ss . ', 1 1 acres. Tin- numlier of horses 



in (iivai liriiaiu was I. i:;-.'.(i-J(i : of cattle, 0,508,- 



l.V.i; of pigs, 2,7?:!.<;o!i. In 



Ireland tin- iiiinilM-r <pf lunges \\.-i- .Vj:i,:(H4; of 

 . I. -JH >.;.">:>; of shccj.. I. :;.': ;.s( ).-,; of pigs, 

 .'?'.. The sea fisheries give employment to 

 ai... ui r,:..( i(i men. of whom 52,000 are Scotch, 

 -i;.(MHt English, and 20,000 Irish. The value of 

 the lish and shell fish caught in 1889 was5.!!i:;.- 

 \elusive of salmon, nC which the catch in 

 Ireland was estimated at 884,000, and in Scot- 

 bod at IXMO.OOO. 



The quantity of coal raised in the United 

 Kingdom in issj) was 176,916,724 tons, valued at 

 ."><. K.Vl'JIi. The ijnantily of iron ore was II.- 

 r, in. in:, tons, valued at 3,848,268, containing 

 .">. 1*1.7:::; tons of iron, of the value of 13,096,- 

 J lii. The tin, load, zinc, silver, copper, and other 

 metals brings the total product from British ores 

 np to I'l l.:>lti.sl(j, and counting, besides coal, the 

 product of the quarries, salt mines, gypsum, ar- 

 senic, etc., and of metallic ores, the value of 

 the mineral produce was 73,476,000. The num- 

 ber of persons employed in the coal mines was 

 563,735. Coal was exported in 1889 to France, 

 Italy, Germany, Russia, Sweden, Denmark. Spain, 

 and Kgypt of the total value of 14,781,990, the 

 quantity being 28,956,445 tons. The consump- 

 tion of pig iron in 1889 was 7,692,230 tons. The 

 imports of raw cotton in 1889 were 1,937.462,240 

 pounds, of which 277,602,304 pounds were re- 

 exported. The imports of wool were 700,903,057 

 pounds, of which 363.647,360 pounds were re- 

 exported ; the imports from Australia amounted 

 to 431,303,391 pounds. There were 2,538 fac- 

 tories in 1890 manufacturing cotton, 1,793 mak- 

 ing woolen goods, 125 for shoddy, 753 for 

 worsted, 375 for flax, 105 for hemp, 116 for jute, 

 42 for hair, 24 for cocoa-nut fiber, 623 for silk, 

 403 for lace, 257 for hosiery, and 54 for elastic, 

 making in all 7,190 factories, with 53,641,062 

 spindles and 822,489 power looms, employing 

 428.082 males and 656,549 females, including 

 40,558 male and 45,941 female children working 

 half time, being under thirteen years of age. The 

 capital employed in the textile industries is 

 about 200,000,000. and the number of persons 

 dependent on them is at least 5,000,000. Textile 

 products constitute more than half of the total 

 exports. 



Commerce. The value of the foreign com- 

 merce of the United Kingdom in 1890 was 748- 

 7;r,.-js(i. against 743,230,274 in 1889 and 686,- 

 213,284 in isss. The merchandise imports 

 amounted to 420.885.(i!).->. against M'.27.<i37,595 

 in 1888 and 387.635,743 in 1887: the exports 

 of British products were !'-'!'.:;."> I'J.. "><>(). having 

 risen in steady progression from 212.725,200 in 

 1886; the exports of foreign and colonial prod- 

 uce were 64,348.091 in value. The average share 

 <>t' every man, woman, and child in the total trade 

 was i9 lit. 9rf., and in the exports of British 

 produce, .6 17s. 10r/. The share of Kngland 

 and Wales in the total trade was 90$ per cent., 



that of Scotland H per cent., and Ireland 1} tx-r 

 cent. The imports of gold in 1800 MBOOntaato 



l",':!,.-)^.!!!'.), and the ,.xp..rt I., M4.:!0,ttKH; the 

 imports of silver to L'lO.N'X).;)*-}, a i,,| the i-x|>ortx 

 to 1 1 (,:',*.">.(>.">!. Among the merchandise im- 

 port- in iN'io. articles ,,f food and drink ! 

 duty figure for 130,422,110, and thoxe paying 

 duty for i'^U'UJ.HUt; textile materials f,,', 



:; metals for L>:i.7K).!)(H; and other raw 

 materials for f 1 l.fi^l.l.V. ; chemicals and colors 



foe LM90,;iH!t ; oils for jr,.!i!) i, i;:,:;: ioi,acco for 

 .'.5)49 ; live animals for U 1.-J I <;.:;:::; : rnanu- 

 facturered products for <;:;. -jivj 1:7 ; u nd mis- 

 cellaneous articles for 14,510,885. 



The imports of grain and flour were valued at 

 53,044,507: raw cotton, 42,756,575; wool, 

 20,945,057; dead meat, -.'M.J;^.S-J.J ; sugar. 

 Jls.-jiiO,N84 ; timber and.wood, 17,120,983; but- 

 ter and margarine, 13,082.57!) : silk manufact- 

 ures, 11,318,991 ; animals, 11,210,333; Wool 

 manufactures, 11,178,182; flax, hemp, and jute, 

 10,723,912; tea, 9,998,353. The quantity of 

 wheat imported in 1890 was 90,758,088 bushels, 

 of which 31,022.440 bushels came from- Russia, 

 27.521,090 bushels from the United States, 21,- 

 276,200 bushels from British possessions, and the 

 rest from Roumania, Germany, and other coun- 

 tries. This does not include the flour imports, 

 equal to 25,237,336 bushels, of which the share 

 of the United States was 19,241,280 bushels. The 

 exports of cotton goods in 1890 were 62,079,- 

 355, and of cotton yarn 12,351,960; those of 

 woolen manufactures, 20,421,847. and of woolen 

 yarn, 4,088.654; linen goods, 5,715,984; jute 

 manufactures, 2,005,053; apparel, 5,035,079; 

 iron and steel manufactures, 31,582,172 ; hard- 

 ware and cutlery, 2,705,340; copper, 4,555,- 

 514 ; machinery, 10,413,424 ; coal and coke, 

 19,019,989; chemicals, 8,948,391. 



Navigation. The steamers engaged in the 

 foreign trade in 1889 numbered 3,484, of 4,257,- 

 150 tons, employing 117,391 men. There were 

 260 steamers, of 118,407 tons, employing 4,092 

 men, engaged partly in the foreign and partly in 

 the home trade, and 1,841, of 289,245 tons, em- 

 ploying 21,015 men, that were engaged in the 

 home trade alone, which extends to the neigh- 

 boring coasts from the mouth of the Elbe to 

 Brest. The number of sailing vessels in the for- 

 eign trade was 2,484, of 2,338,289 tons, employ- 

 ing 40,595 men ; the number engaged both in 

 the home and the foreign trade was 500, of 00,019 

 tons, employing 2,850 men ; and the number en- 

 gnu'ed in the home trade alone was 8,985. of 571,- 

 438 tons, employing 38,314 men. The total num- 

 ber of vessels registered was 21.779, of 7,759.008 

 tons, comprising 14,040 sailing vessels, of 3,041,- 

 278 tons, and 7,139 steamers, of 4,717,730 tons. 

 There were built and first registered during the 

 year 277 sailing vessels, of 117,481 tons, and 582 

 steamers, of 554,024 tons. The number of ves- 

 sels that were entered at British ports in 1889 

 was 02,052, of 85,524.000 tons, of which all were 

 British except 23,375, of 9,578,000 tons. The 

 total mimher ch-nred was ;-_>.!i:>0, of 30,365,000 

 tons, of which 2:!.H75. of 9,841.000 tons were for- 

 eign. The foreign tonnage entered and cleared 

 was lii.-l-.'ii.-j-H tons, of which 4,737.211 tons were 

 Norwegian vessels. ;',.!.-|(i.:;i.-, wen- German. l.'.tO'l.- 

 29(5 Dutch. 1.807,509 French. 1.7i0.l::<> Danish. 

 1,491,081 Swedish, 1,208,198 Spanish, 792,394 Bel- 



