M* any part of the invoice! fund in the 



I llic I'an- bankers, amounting to about 

 T tin- ben. -lit "C tin- evicted tenants, 



lie few li->l c.-lale* where lie had Ililll- 



d tin-in, us a political nmiKi-iivre, to 

 MI. < >\\ ing to I lie continued dis- 

 nieiil with .Mr. .McCarthy, tin- fund re- 

 nd untouched, and very lilt It- money wascol- 

 ii Ireland and America ly cither faction, 

 r for tin- Icnaiitsor for political purposes. 



Till- lircacll lietwccll the t\\o faction* \\a- too 



lie healed. e\rii alter Mr. I'liriioll's death 

 the early part of Octolier. (Sec PA KNELL, 



- i WART, in this volume. Recrimina- 

 i* had been exchanged and sudi enmity cngen- 

 vd that his adherents continued the fight 

 liust the followers of Dillon and McCarthy, 

 themselves were so disorgani/ed and divided 

 they could not fix upon an authoritative 

 r. .lolm K. Kcdmond, as chief of the Par- 

 lites, contested the dead leader's seat, and 

 ter a hot contest marked by tumultuous dis- 

 turbances, in which John Dillon and a great many 

 others received M-vere injuries. Mr. Flavin was 

 elected by t lie McCarthy it es with 1.512 majority. 

 The c\t ivme Nationalists were still strong enough 

 when the seat for Waterford became vacant by 

 the death of Richard Power, aided by the la- 

 l)or vote, to elect Mr. Redmond over Michael 

 Davitt on Dec. 23 by a majority of 1,775 to 1,229. 

 When the machinery and the party organs of 

 the league were in the hands of Mr. Parnell, the 

 anti-Parnellites had much difficulty in establish- 

 ing a newspaper to represent their views. At 

 la*t. when the National Federation was organ- 

 ixed. they issued the "National Press," which 

 remained t heir official organ. At the time of the 

 Cork riots an attempt was made to blow up the 

 nice in Dublin with dynamite. 



The Labor Question. When the Berlin 

 Labor Congress concluded its labors the English 

 d that it had done no more than to pledge 

 the Continental governments to introduce the 

 system of factory legislation that had been in 

 operation in Great Britain for a quarter of a 

 century. Yet in the factory and workshop bill 

 the Government did not venture to insert a pro- 

 vision raising the limit of child labor in facto- 

 ries from ten to twelve years, as the congress had 

 recommended, and Mr. Matthews, the Home 

 Secretary, argued that the Government had not 

 given an international pledge in subscribing to 

 the Berlin resolution. The reason was that the 

 people engaged in the textile industry in Lan- 

 cashire and Yorkshire had brought pressure to 

 bear against the change, although France had 

 gone beyond the recommendation of the con- 

 gress in adopting thirteen years as the limit, and 

 other governments had redeemed their promise 

 by introducint: similar measures in their legisla- 

 tures. Mr. Matthews's view was not the sense 

 of Parliamen c , which gave a majority of 202 to 

 186 against the Government on Mr. Buxton's 

 compromise proposition to make the limit eleven 

 years, although nis amendment to raise the limit 

 of au r e for full-time work from thirteen to four- 

 teen WHS rejected by a majority of 189 to Id I. as 

 it involved no consideration of international 

 good faith. There was no stoppage of l>u*ine*s 

 like that caused by the London dock strike, nor 

 of the attendant social disturbances in 1891. 



GREAT imiTAlX AND IIJKI.AND. 



341 



Tin- London omnibus employes .si ruck work to 

 demand a twelve-hour working day. imitating 

 their I'ari* brethren. The Organization "f trade 

 union* spread, a* in France, to cla-*e.s of work- 

 er* that have hitherto lived remote Irom the in- 

 Mucnces of the labor movement, such a* domes- 

 tic *cr\ants, laundrc**e*. clerks, and shop I 

 ant*. The Socialistic m-w iinioni*m that de- 

 mands Government interference in labor mat- 

 ters, supported by the recently organi/ed bodie- 

 of unskilled laborer*, but opposed by the old and 

 wealthy trade union.*, gained the upper hand in 

 the councils of the working men, and it- expo- 

 nents had an opportunity to ddine their views 

 in their testimony In-fore the Uoyal CommisMon 

 on Labor that pursued its inve*tigation* and 

 heard a vast amount of evidence on the *\s eat- 

 ing system. Jewish immigration, and all pha-e* 

 of the labor problem. 



May 8, being Sunday, was chosen for the labor 

 demonstration, and at a mass meeting in Hyde 

 Park the working men declared for the establish- 

 ment of the eight-hour day by international 

 agreement and legislative enactment. The poli- 

 ticiansof the great parties watched with inter- 

 est the proceedings of the Trades-union Con- 

 gress that was opened at Newcastle on Sept. 7. 

 Thomas Hurt, who has been secretary of the 

 huge Northumberland Miners' Mutual Associa- 

 tion since 1865, and has sat in Parliament for 

 Morpeth as a labor representative since 1874, 

 was elected chairman. JVlore than 500 delegates 

 were present, representing more than l.-Viu.- 

 000 working men. The New Unionists proved 

 their strength at the outset by rescinding the 

 system of voting adopted at the last congress, 

 by which each delegate casts as many votes as 

 there are thousands of men in the union that he 

 represents, provided the union contributes 1 to 

 the funds of the congress for every thousand. 

 Returning to the old procedure of voting by a 

 simple show of hands, the New Unionists fol- 

 lowed up their first victory by adopting a motion 

 by 302 votes to 136, asserting that the time had 

 arrived for the Government of the country to 

 endeavor to introduce a universal eight-hour day 

 by negotiation with foreign powers. Thomas 

 Burt, Charles Fenwick, who is another working- 

 man member of Parliament from the colliery 

 districts of Northumberland, and the rest of the 

 old I 'nionists carried first a permissive amend- 

 ment declaring that a bill reducing or fixing the 

 hours of labor should have an optional charac- 

 ter, and not be enforced without the consent of 

 two thirds of the organized members of any 

 trade, which was nullified by a further amend- 

 ment declaring that the eight-hour law should l>e 

 enforced in all trades and occupations, except 

 where a majority of the organi/ed members 

 protest by a ballot vote against the proposal. A 

 resolution to raise the limit of age at which 

 children should be allowed to work in factories 

 to thirteen years was passed by a vote of 2<>."> to 

 163. The congress upheld the claim of work- 

 ing men to be more largely represented in Parlia- 

 ment and in count v councils, school boards, and 

 all local bodies. Factory inspectors and magis- 

 trate- ought to be taken from among their ranks. 

 To enable them to serve on juries without hard- 

 ship, jurors should be paid at the rate of 10s. a 

 day, and a salary should be attached to every 



