<;KI:\T P.IMTAIN AND IIIELAND. 





,,f llir vahe <>f 7.s:!il,740 rupees in 



HUB ,,f .'(I'.I.SilO rupees was collected. 



duces iiliM-s and u large number of 

 lieep, and pints. Tin- I'm- islands of the 

 \lnria group, which \M-IV obtained from 

 an ol .Mii>cat ID give u landing: place for 

 lt< are valuable for their guano. Bahrein 

 id other islands in the Persian (inlf, ruled over 

 the Sheikh E-au, having a population of 

 -,0<MI persons. \\i\n carry on the pearl 

 n. and plant a little coffee, were definitely 

 under British protection in l*;~i. 



n ha- an an a of 25,364 square miles and 



population estimated in the beginning of 1889 



;.(>!l,of whom two thirds are Cingalese 



nd one fourth are Tamils, and the rest are 



1 -men. or descendants of Aral is. I Mitch burgh- 



.Malay-, Eurasians, English, Veddahs, and 

 t hers. The Governor is assisted by an Execu- 

 te i Mimcil, composed of the military command- 

 ami the 4 principal civil functionaries, and 

 a Legislative Council of which the same per- 

 form part, with 4 other officials and 8 ap- 

 inted members representing various races and 

 Sir Arthur Elibank Plavelock was ap- 

 linted Governor on March 12, 1890. The rev- 

 uie in 1889 was 15,299,877 rupees, and the ex- 

 i-iiditure was 14,900,284 rupees. For the Gov- 

 iment railway, 181 miles long, and for the 

 i-ak water and waterworks at Colombo a debt 

 '.'-.'.'..Mi >.>,> 7 has been incurred. The colony 

 ill luiild fortifications at Colombo, and the Im- 

 i-rial Government has built a fortress at Frin- 

 malee, which is the headquarters of the naval 

 in East India. Of the total area of the 

 land something less than an eighth is under 

 iltivation. There are 715,047 acres on which 

 and grain are grown, 71.554 acres planted to 

 -'07.413 to tea, 656,766 to cocoa-nut palms, 

 J.486 to Palmyra palms, 30,083 to cinchona, 17,- 

 to tobacco, and 37.331 to cinnamon. There 

 ?.-)3 plumbago mines worked in 1889. The 

 line of imports in iss'l was 60,695.135 rupees, 

 id of exports IV.i-j l."05 rupees. The export of 

 .(Tec was 5.!I7-J.((1 1 rupees; of cinchona, 1,687,- 

 " rupees; tea, 17,860,144 rupees: plumbago, 

 l.:W7 rupees; cocoannt products, 6.402,360 

 es; areca nuts, 1,057.463 rupees. The ex- 

 irtatioii of tea increased tenfold between 1884 

 id 1888, and in 1889 showed a further advance 

 if nearly 50 per cent., amounting to 34,346,432 

 muds. The coffee exports have been reduced 

 iv disease to a fraction of the former quantity. 

 No British colony has made more extraordi- 

 iry progress in commerce than the Straits 

 tt lenient s. the trade of which has grown 

 in 1-26.030,000 in 1880 to 47,350,000 in 1890, 

 i< .uly 90 per cent. Singapore, on the highway 

 steam navigation, has acquired the position 

 :>nee held by Batavia, and latterly has grown at 

 "ic expense of Penang. and is now the commer- 

 '! center for all Farther India. The trading 

 i..ii>es there represent all commercial countries, 

 he distributing trade is in the hands of the 

 'hinese. who have become more numerous than 

 le Malays, and are not content to act merely as 

 itermediaries between the native races and Eu- 

 ipean merchants, but are extending their mer- 

 cantile connections and successfully competing 

 with the Europeans. The population of the 

 Straits Settlements, comprising Singapore, Pe- 



and Malacca, wan estimated in 1889 at 



fi6H,000. Sir Cecil ( 'lemeiite Smith has IK-MI do\ - 

 ernor since 1MH7. He is a.sMstoil ly an Executive 

 Council and by a Legislative Council con 

 of 10 official 'members 5 appointed jncmlK-rs, 

 and 'J who are elected by the Chambers of Com- 

 merce in Singapore and Penang. The Coco- 

 Island^ wen- placed under the administration of 

 the Governor of the Straits S-ttlemenls in 

 and Christmas Island in .January, 1889. Tin- 

 native states of Perak. Selangor. Sungei-Ujong, 

 Jelebu, the Negri Sembilan. .lohor. and Pahang, 

 covering a large part of the Malay Peninsula, are 

 under British protection, and are governed by 

 the advice of British residents. The revenue of 

 these states is derived mainly from an export duty 

 on tin. Some of them are rich in gold, and their 

 soil is adapted for the cultivation of coffee and 

 cinchona on the high land and rice in the. val- 

 leys. Perak is supposed to have a population of 

 194,800; Selangor, 120,000; Pahang, 35,000; 

 Negri Sembilan, 34,000; Sungei-Ujong, 20,000. 

 (hinese immigration into the Straits Settle- 

 ments in 1889 was 150,809, and Indian immigra- 

 tion 18,136. 



The revenue of the colony in 1889 was $4,- 

 410,620, and the expenditure $3,816,194. The 

 debt has been reduced to $650,237. Of the native 

 states, Perak had in 1889 a revenue of $2.776,- 

 583; Selangor, $1,828,427; Sungei-Ujong, $329,- 

 963 ; and Pahang, $100,898. In the limited area 

 of the Straits Settlements gambier and pepper 

 are produced to a considerable extent in Singa- 

 pore, which has a total area of 206 square miles ; 

 tapioca, pepper, rice, and sugar in Province 

 Wellesley, a strip on the mainland, 270 square 

 miles in extent, attached to the Penang settle- 

 ment ; and tapioca and rice in Malacca. The ex- 

 ports of Singapore comprise not merelv the prod- 

 uce of the peninsula, but of the Sunda Islands and 

 the countries of Indo-China. Even the tobacco 

 grown by the Dutch on Sumatra is shipped from 

 Singapore to Europe. The list of exports in- 



cludes tin, pepper, rice, sugar, nutmegs, corn, 

 sago, tapioca, buffalo hides and horns, rattans, 

 gutta-percha, gambier, coffee, rubber, gum. dye 

 stuffs, and many other articles. The number of 

 vessels entered at the ports of the colony in 

 1889, exclusive of native craft, was 8,084, of 4,- 

 855,491 tons, and the number cleared was 8,048, 

 of 4,830.309 tons. There are several short rail- 

 roads in the native states. 



Labuan, a small island off the northwest coast 

 of Borneo, and a depot for its trade, having a 

 population of about 6,000 Malays and Chinese 

 traders and some 20 Europeans, is a British 

 Crown colony. The imports in 1891 amounted 

 to 62,363, and the the exports to 66,689. The 

 sago, gutta-percha, India-rubber, wax, and other 

 products of Borneo and neighboring islands 

 are collected at Labuan for shipment to Singa- 

 pore. The colony is administered under tin- 

 direction of Charles Vandeleur Creagh, the Gov- 

 ernor appointed over British Borneo, with the 

 approval of the secretary of the colonies, by the 

 British North Borneo Company. The territory 

 in the northern part of Borneo ceded by the 

 Sultans of Brunei and Sulu to this company 

 which obtained a royal charter in 18H1 ,\\as 

 proclaimed a British' protectorate on Mav 12. 

 1888. The governing body is the Board of Pi- 





