vv. i--i{ VNCOI8 .11 us 



(if. \TK.M A LA. 



361 





c time had gone b\ when tin- elements of a 

 ,1 ional monarchy existed in France, which 

 .mi- a pure demoeiacy and could only 

 1st and develop under the republic. In l H ii', 

 ublicans won the general flection. M. 

 .ascended t lie chair of 1 he ( 'hamber us by 

 r the ilcath of Thiers lie liecaine the 

 tiiidi-puied Ke|ii:l)liciiii candidate for the presi- 

 ..f tin- rrpulilic. When Marshal Mac- 

 "ahoii dissolved the ('haiiil>t'r without reason, in 

 1 1 arr\ out the Duede Broglie's raonarch- 



1 conspiracy . M. Civvy uttered these few simple 

 that had a magical etTect on the bewil- 

 ivd country: "In dismissing this Chamber,- 1 

 -hto-a\ i hat it has never, during its too brief 

 reer. rea-ed for one moment to merit the es- 

 m and conlidence of the country." The con- 

 iracy against the republic failed. Grevy was 

 elected to the presidency of the Chamber on 

 ay H'>. is??. Marshal MacMahon, after losing 

 ie decisive battle, could not be induced to con- 

 nuea campaign of underground |>lots. He sent 

 r M. Civvy and announced hi- readiness to re- 

 the presidency under certain guarantees, 

 d when ho could obtain 110 promises or con- 

 itions he hiimled him his resignation to take to 

 e Chamber, -.tying: " You're an honest man; 

 have full trust in yon." 



Civvy was elected Piv-ident of the republic, 

 he military guards and equipages and mo- 

 rchical trappings of his predecessor were cast 

 ide. lie introduced into the filysee the simple 

 formality and quiet ways of ordinary bourgeois 

 ife. and the people found this dignified and 

 'mirahle, except that it began to be said that 

 e was too saving. The grave, quiet, modest, 

 d dignified citi/en at the head of the state, 

 ho cultivated agreeable social relations with 

 of all parties and kept himself ostensibly 

 from political schemes and entanglements, 

 as esteemed an ideal Republican President, 

 ough afterward it was said that, in helping 

 crush M. Cambetta, in keeping M. de Frey- 

 net in the background, and in all his quiet 

 mbinations. he was guided by motives of schem- 

 g personal politics. lie was re-elected to the 

 residency on Dec. 28, 1885, for lack of another 

 re-eminent Republican candidate, and soon it 

 found that this was a mistake of the Repub- 

 can party: for, whether he was more egotist 

 an patriot or the contrary, he had grown too 

 >ld, and too fond of ease and the society of his 

 grandchildren. He let his son-in-law, M. Wil- 

 son, receive m in is; ers a ml oilicials. was guided by 

 that person's advice in political affairs, humored 

 " s prejudice against capital punishment by 

 rdoning murderers, and allowed him to change 

 e ways and manners of the presidential palace. 

 . Wilson's political and commercial specula- 

 tions compromised the reputation that M. Grevy 

 had given to the presidential establishment. 

 Then came the decoration scandal, the Limousin 

 revelations of some culpable connection between 

 Wilson and the traffic in the ribbons of the Le- 

 gion of Honor, an order that M. Civvy had pro- 

 po-ed to abolish when he first became President. 

 Civvy could have dismissed Wilson from his 

 household and served out his second term with 

 better satisfaction to the public than before, or he 

 might have resigned at once on account of the 

 family slain, and preserved his great reputation 



asa pntvaiid upright public man. Heendeavorcd 

 tt shield Wilson'.- i;"od name with his influence 

 a- President, and clung both to the office and to 



his grandchildren until he was compelled to r<-- 

 sign.'Ui I )e. -.-.'. |HN7. dishonored by the ignoble 

 content. He reiin-d to his birthplace, and in 

 supposed to have been working since on a l>ook 

 of "Memoir.-." A steel-plate portrait of Presi- 

 dent Crevv appeared in the "Annual Cvclo- 

 pn-dia" for 1*711. 



( I ATli.M ALA, a republic in Central Amer- 

 ica, independent since 1*1?. The Constitution, 

 adopted in December. 1*711, and amended in Oc- 

 tober, 1889, vests the legislative power in the 

 National Assembly, hall ol the members of which 

 are replaced at each biennial election. One mem- 

 ber is elected for every 20,0<)0 inhabitants. The 

 presidential term is six years. Cen. Manuel 

 Manilas was elected President on Man h 15, 1886. 



Area and Population. The est. mated area 

 of Guatemala is IG.MMI square miles. The popu- 

 lation was estimated in 1889 at 1,460,017. About 

 three fifths are civilized Indians, and among the 

 white population there is a large intermixture of 

 Indian blood. The capital city, Guatemala la 

 Nueva, had 05,796 inhabitants in 1889, of whom 

 about 10 per cent, were of European birth or 

 descent. The number of births registered in 



1889 was 61.222, and the number of deaths 28,- 

 321, which is much below the actual number. > 

 The number of marriages was 5,475. Among 

 the births 50 per cent, of the white and 25 per 

 cent, of the Indian children are illegitimate. The 

 State spent $525,625 in 1888 for education, which 

 is compulsory, free, and undenominational. The 

 Catholic religion prevails, but is no longer the 

 state religion. 



Finance. The revenue in 1888 was $4,580,- 

 264, and the expenditure $4,577,404. The ex- 

 traordinary receipts were $1,802,403. About 

 half of the revenue was derived from customs 

 and one third from the internal revenue duties on 

 alcohol and tobacco. The import duty on tobacco 

 was reduced on Nov. 20, 1890, from 55 to 20 cents 

 a pound. The estimated receipts for 1890 were 

 $5,060,000, and the expenditure $4,610.675. The 

 appropriations for public credit and finance in 



1890 were $1,343.074: for education, $710.364 ; 

 for the army, $1,154,189. The nominal strength 

 of the standing army is 3,500 men. and that of 

 the militia is 67,300 men. In 1889 the net rev- 

 enue was $5,585,912. The gross revenue was 

 $6,102,172, of which $2,700.119 were derived 

 from import duties, $552,045 from export dutio. 

 $1,811,773 from the liquor monopoly, and tin- 

 rest from a considerable variety of minor tax 

 In the postal and telegraph service there was a 

 deficit of $84.959. The total debt was $13,569.- 

 I'.lO. including the consolidated home debt of 

 $6.495.062; paper money, $1.129.968; foreign 

 debt. 922.700 or $4.<>i:j!r><>0 in currency; un- 

 funded and floating debt. $1,330.660. 



Commerce and Production. The total value 

 of imports in l*s<) was |7,079,87& The values 

 imported from the chief importing countries 

 were as follow: England, $1.5!I8,7'.-J : United 

 States, $1,332,398; South American countries, 

 !?!.,'< 17.624: France. $929.580; Germany, $715.- 

 *,?:!: Central American countries. *t!!M.S57. The 

 imports of cotton goods were $910.-i<i9 in value; 

 woolen goods, $309,059; flour, $163.487: silk 



