HAWAII. 



omnmiiinitlons. The settled part of the 

 it a di-lance In-m the sea. and niosl 

 ,\el and transportation must lie done 



lh mule-. A railroad connecting the capital 

 se ha.-a length of 7~ miles, and allot her, 

 i length, runs from Champerico to Ke- 

 uileii. The former, which was built by an 

 .oinpany al a eo-t of $4,000.(KM), has 

 n rebuilt in the section between Fscuintlaand 

 The net receipts have more than doubled 



irs. In 1890 the gp 

 $658,042, and the net earnings $355,- 

 Thciv \\eiv is.') miles of new railroads 



nstruction in 1S89. 



niiml'erof letters delivered in isss was 

 f papers, circulars, etc., 2,576,845. 

 re were l.'.i'.i'J milcsof telegraph in 1891. Tho 

 lier of messages in 1888 was 457,009. 

 hil Disturbances. Although peace was 

 t by the Central American republics through- 

 iJM, there were rumors of war and revolu- 

 mililary preparations, and menaces both 

 in Salvador and Guatemala, and an attempted 

 .igainst Barillas. Karly in the year Gua- 

 temala began to strengthen her army. Gen. 

 Cayetano Sanchez was shot in February for in- 

 subordination. In the spring Sal vadorian forces 

 were ma-srd at Santa Ana on the frontier. The 

 President appointed a new ministry in June, 

 taking charge of the War Department, and 





making Francisco Villela Minister of the Inte- 

 rior, Kmiliii Leon Minister of Foreign Affaire 

 and 1'nblie \V..rk>-. and Kcliciano Agiiilar Minis- 

 ter of Finance. The people of Quc/altenango, 

 an important place in upjt-r (inatcmala, rose 

 again."! the ( ii> \ernment, and defeated the gurri- 

 son. The mountains were full of malcontent-, 

 wlio distributed revolutionary proclamations. On 

 Sept. l.'i. the anniversary of independence, when 

 Manuel Montufar, son of a leading partisan of 

 ISarillas, who was one of the candidates for the 

 succession, began a political MMMI i, ln the tila/.a 

 of Guatemala city, the mob drove him ana the 

 other ollicial speakers from the platform, and 

 elected orators by acclamation. A battalion of 

 infantry attempted to clear the plaza with fixed 

 bayonets, and was driven back by revolver shots, 

 leaving several dead. Barillas then ordered out 

 the artillery, and when guns were planted in tho 

 plaza the populace dispersed, but took possession 

 of the side streets, where for the next two days 

 they fought the infantry. Bringing up re-en- 

 forcements from outside districts and proclaim- 

 ing martial law, Barillas finally put down tho 

 insurrection after some hundreds of people were 

 slain. On opening Congress, on Oct. 23, Gen. 

 Barillas gave assurances of peace at home and 

 abroad and of the improving financial position 

 of the Government. In November revolutionary 

 bands were reported on the Mexican frontier. 



H 



II A W A 1 1. a kingdom occupying the Hawaiian 

 Islands in the Pacific Ocean, 2,100 miles from 

 San Francisco. The reigning sovereign is Queen 

 Liliuokahini, the eldest sister of King Kalakaua, 

 m site succeeded on Jan. 20, 1891. She was 

 on Sept. 2, 1838, and married in 1862 John 

 >. liominis. an American by birth, who was ap- 



)inted Governor of Oahu. On March 9 Prin- 



ss Victoria Kaiulnni, niece of Queen Liliuoka- 

 lani, born Oct. 1(1. 1S7">, was proclaimed heiress- 

 apparent to the throne. The ministers are ap- 

 pointed by the sovereign, and must retire if the 

 Legislature passes a vote of want of confidence. 

 Kvery royal decree must be countersigned by a 

 minister. The Legislat i ve Assembly is composed 

 oi _> 1 Representatives, 24 Nobles, and the 4 minis- 

 ter-, who are members of the House of Nobles ex 

 o flir in. An educational and a property qualifica- 

 tion are required in voting for Representatives, 

 and a higher limit of income is necessary to quali- 

 fy a citizen to vote for a Noble. The Legislature 

 meets once in two years. The term of the Repre- 

 sentative terminates with the session, and that of 

 the Noblo lasts six years ; otherwise their pow- 

 ers are the same, and they form a single cham- 

 ber. The Cabinet in the beginning of 1891 was 

 composed as follows: Minister of Foreign Af- 

 fairs. .!. A. Cummins; Minister of the Interior, 

 C. N. Spencer; Attorney-General, A. P. Peter- 

 sen ; Minister of Finance. G. Brown. 



Area and Population. The area of the isl- 

 ands is as follows: Hawaii, 4,210 square miles; 

 Maui, 760; Oahu, 600; Kauai. 590; Molokai, 

 j;n : Lanai, HO: Nihau, 97: Kahoolawe, 63; 

 total, 6,040 square miles. The population is 

 about 90,000, or 10,000 more than when the cen- 

 VOL. xxxi. 28 A 



sus was taken in 1884. Of tho present popula- 

 tion about 40,000 are natives and half-castes, 20,- 

 000 Japanese, 13,000 Chinese, 9.000 Portuguese, 

 2,000 born in the United States, 1,200 English, 

 German, and French, and the rest of various 

 races. Among the Japanese immigrants, males 

 outnumber females 5 to 1, and among the Chi- 

 nese 16 to 1. Among the other immigrants the 

 ratio between the sexes is nearly normal. The 

 Protestants number about 30,000 and the Ro- 

 man Catholics 20,000; the rest are Asiatics or 

 indifferent to religion. The Portuguese are al- 

 lowed to vote, while the Chinese and Japanese 

 can not become citizens. The number of elect- 

 ors is about 15,000, of whom 3.000 belong by 

 birth or origin to the leading white races. Tho 

 native Kanakas are of a Malar-Polynesian race, 

 nearly allied to the Maoris of New Zealand, and, 

 like the latter, they are rapidly dying out, the 

 victims of small-pox and other diseases and of 

 alcohol and other such influences introduced 

 with European civilization. About one third 

 of them live in the capital for the sake of an 

 easy, pleasant life. Many think that at the end 

 of another generation the pure native stock will 

 become extinct, although there is still a class 

 of able-bodied, industrious llawaiians. and by 

 the sugar planter- they are regarded as the best 

 workers, next to the Portuguese, t he Chinese be- 

 ing classed usually next, and the Japanese last 

 on account of their sensitive and impracticable 

 disposition. The native llawaiians have de- 

 creased 14 per cent, sfhce 1884, while the half- 

 castes, chiefly of American, European, and Chi- 

 nese admixture, have increased 50 per cent. 

 Drink causes an undue amount of mortality 



