

INDIA. 



M-liiMVf of 500,000 in the tributary Shan 

 States an. I 100,000 Chins, Kaohyens, and Karens. 

 ..not Lower Burmah ha> increased 

 1,000 to l.i:M),000. or at the rate of 18f 

 lit. Tlii- total population <>f the iinmedi- 

 -Mti>h possessions in ]S!M was >"J(),.V<4.000, 

 and of itu- nalixi- Mali's li!,148,000. Bengal had 

 Ndrtliw.st Provinces, 4(5,922,090; 

 I'nnjal), -..'O.WCt.OOO; Madras, 85,588,850; Bom- 

 -.},{ Siinlh, ls.s-.T,.tisi) : (Vulrul Provinces, 

 10,761,630; Kajputaim, 12,089,830; Hyderabad, 

 :'-;i>. In Bengal, with 420 inhabitants to 

 nilc, the birth rate is lower than the 

 ill-lit li rati-. 20'6;{ and 22'94 per thousand re- 

 spn-t ivc! y in 1888-'89. The death rate has varied 

 ii % JiH)8 per thousand in 1880 to 25-74 in 

 In 1889 it ranged from 17-30 in Mysore 

 t" :!u-()8 in the Northwest Provinces. The birth 

 rati- was 41-52 in the Central Provinces, 88-57 in 

 inlniy. 88*25 in the Northwest Provinces and 

 mill, 37-32 in the Punjab, and 29-90 in Madras. 

 ie number of coolie emigrants from India in 

 1889 was 10,888, against 0,451 in 1888. An- 

 ropometric researches conducted for the Ben- 

 Government by Herbert Risley confirm the 

 nclnsion that caste and social distinctions in 

 dia are based on differences of race; that, 

 part from the Mongoloid intermixture in the 

 ortheast, there are two races (1) the aboriginal 

 Dravidian, with thick lips, broad noses, low 

 facial angle, dark skins, short stature, and squat- 

 ty figure ; and (2) the Aryan, tall, slender, with 

 inarkably fine noses and dolycocephalic skulls, 

 and regular features. A regular gradation of 

 ese characteristics is observed in the hierarchy 

 if castes from the Brahmans and Sikhs down to 

 the casteless forest tribes. A man's social status 

 varies approximately inversely with the width of 

 " is nose. The largest cities of India are Cal- 

 cutta, the seat of the General Government, with 

 750,000 inhabitants ; Bombay, 804,464 ; and Ma- 

 dras, 450,000. The population of Bengal in- 

 reaaed from 09,500,000 in 1881 to 74,000,000 in 

 1891, or at the rate of 6 per cent. 



Finances. The revised estimates of revenue 

 under the various heads for the year ending 

 March 31, 1890, and the budget estimates for 

 1890-'91 were, in tens of rupees, as follow : 



The expenditure under each head as set down 

 in the revised estimates for 1889-'90 and the 

 budget for 1890-'91 reaches the following 

 amounts, in tens of rupees : 



To arrive at the true total of expenditure for 

 1889-'90 Rx 352,500 must be added to the esti- 

 mate, being the balance due the- Imperial Gov- 

 ernment in the adjustment of accounts with the 

 provincial administrations, making the total 

 charged against revenue Rx 822,826,000, while 

 for 1890- V 91, Rx 757,700 of provincial bal- 

 ances should be deducted, reducing the net 

 estimate for that year to Rx 84,001.700. The 

 estimates for 1889-'90 and the actual receipts 

 and expenditures varied very slightly, the sur- 

 plus amounting to Rx 2,612,000, or 'Rx 65,000 

 less than was predicted. In 1890-'91, instead of 

 the expected surplus of Rx 270,400, there was a 

 surplus at the end of the year of Rx 3,605.000. The 

 improvement in the rate of exchange, due to the 

 rise in the price of silver brought about by legis- 

 lation in the United States, accounts for Rx 2,- 

 544,100 of the difference. In the receipts for the 

 year there was a falling off in the opium reve- 

 nue, and provincial contributions ceased, but the 

 land revenue increased by Rx 307,200. There 

 was an increase in various branches of expendi- 

 ture. The total revenue for 1888-'89 was Rx 

 81,696,678, and the expenditure Rx 81,659,650. 

 The budget estimates for 1891-'92 show an in- 

 crease on these figures of Rx 2,408.000 in reve- 

 nue and Rx 2,329,000 in expenditures. The ex- 

 pected surplus is Rx 396,000. There will be a 

 further falling off in the opium revenue, a much 

 smaller crop having been grown in Bengal. A 

 further increase of Rx 370,000 in the land reve- 

 nue was looked for. Since 1889 it has increased 

 by Rx 1,010,000, while the decrease in the opium 

 revenue has been Rx 646,000. While expendi- 

 ture for the army and similar imperial purposes 

 has grown less, more is spent on public works and 

 local improvements, causing the disappearance 

 of the grants from provincial revenues. To meet 

 the extraordinary military expenditure deter- 

 mined on in the face of the financial strain 

 caused by the fall of the rupee, the provincial 

 governments, by the arrangement of 1887. have 

 yielded up very large sums to the Central Gov- 

 ernment. Another important act of restoration 

 is the replacing of the Famine fund. For the 

 first time since 1886 the full appropriation of Rx 

 1,500,000 is set aside for famine relief and insur- 

 ance. The interest on the debt has dec; 

 by Rx 810,000 and the railroad revenue account 

 by Rx 732,000 since 1889. The interest on the 

 money borrowed in England to build the rail- 

 roads is payable in gold, and consequently they 

 'have been worked at a loss for manv years. But 

 for the fall of the rupee there woulu nave been a 

 considerable profit 



