INDIA. 



B77 



in Is within spoilt of the British camp-, 

 and mi!, h ni'.n liL'tiiing was necessary to ti-rini- 

 i!u- expedition satisfactorily: fur after 

 nu r tin- Klianki valley. Sir William l.ock- 

 .n\ad'-d tin- Akhel country, where a sharp 

 in. -ill Ini.k place on April 'J., ami ilir dis- 

 ..f tin- Shekhan ami Manm/ai I>arabar 

 . de-t roving towers and exacting n 'pa ra- 

 tion. Movable colninns ranged through the 

 r.'iiniry f.-r more than a month, inflicting pun- 

 ishment on all who failed to make submission or 

 uMM.-trd of having taken part in the up- 

 rising. The military surveys were continued as 

 the Kurmana valley. After all the tri lies 

 had apparently been cowed, the expedition was 

 n-ealled. on May 23, three regiments and a 

 mountain Lattery lieing left to guard the newly 

 annexed territory at Samana. In the expedition 

 the British ht '?N killed and ?:! wounded, in- 

 cluding ."i British and :! native ollieers. 



1 he Black Mountain Expedition. The 

 trilies of the Black mountains have successfully 

 defied the British power on several occasions, 

 and punitive expeditions sent against them 

 have failed. In order -to consolidate British 

 power at (iilghit, Chitral, and other strategical 

 points in the extreme northwest, the Indian Gov- 

 ernment has decided to reduce the tribes to sub- 

 mission and open the roads which the Allaiwals, 

 Aka/.ais. and Ila/.un/.ais have forcibly opposed, 

 (ien. McQueen, who failed in the expedition of 

 1888, and was unable to advance into the Ila/an- 

 zai country in the autumn of 1890. was replaced 

 Itv Maj.-Gen. Elles, who started out from Der- 

 band on March 12, 1891, with an army of 6,800 

 fighting men and 1,900 followers. The Hazara 

 field force was divided into two columns, one of 

 which ascended the valley of the Indus, while 

 the other crossed the hills. The troops were 

 fired on as soon as they passed the Hazara front- 

 ier. On March 19 there was a sharp skirmish, 

 on March 28 the village of Dilari was captured, 

 and on March 27 Gen. Hammond took the Aka- 

 zai village of Surmal, after which Col. William- 

 son joined him with the river column, and the 

 united force advanced into the Akazai country. 

 The Hazanzai district was afterward invaded. 

 No attempt was made to punish the tribesmen. 

 The troops intrenched themselves, built roads, 

 and announced that they would occupy the po- 

 sitions until Ilashim Ali, who had led the at- 

 tacks on the former expeditions was delivered up. 

 The Pamir Region. The Anglo- Russian Af- 

 ghan Delimitation Commission of 1884-'86 failed 

 to complete the work in the region of the upper 

 Oxus, and left unsettled the northeastern front- 

 ier of Afghanistan and the relations of the 

 Ameer with various khanates in and around the 

 I'amir. The Anglo-Russian arrangement of 

 18?2-'73 declared the Oxus up to its source to be 

 the southern limit of the Russian sphere. As- 

 suming that the southern tributary of the Oxus 

 is the true upper course of the river, the Rus- 

 sians in Turkestan have explored and laid claim 

 to Shignan and a great part of the I'amir pla- 

 teaus, and forbidden Capt. Younghusbaml. Lieut. 

 Davison, and other British officers to enter that 

 region, (see AFGHANISTAN). The Indian Gov- 

 ernment has displayed still greater military ac- 

 tivity, having annexed Cashmere, occupied and 

 garrisoned Gilghit and Chitral.and attempted to 



c"ii.|i!i-r the Nagar and Hunza clans and other 



tribe-, i/f the I'amir, on the pretext that th.-y 

 were once t ributary to ( 'a-him-re. alt hough Indian 

 scholars assert that th'-y have maintained un- 

 broken independence for more than twehe eent- 

 urie.s. According to the British view ol the re- 

 gion inelo.-.-d between the southern arm of the 

 Oxus and the Ak-u. or northern headwater, the 

 territory now claimed by I,'. ... liie w.-tcin 

 jiart has been under the clTe. gnty. 



To the larger ea-lern part the ( 'hinesc. (io\ern- 

 mcnt. probably prompted by England, lias ad- 

 vanced a claim, and when Col. Yanoff. leader of 



the Etonian exploring party, advanced int" the 

 Alichur I'amir. a Chine-e official protested inef- 

 fectually. Subsequently explanations were asked 

 by the Chinese ambassador in St. Petersburg. 

 On the southeast the Russians claim that their 

 line reaches to the northern passes of the Hindu- 

 Kush, bringing them into actual contact with 

 the llunzas and other hill tribes that the Brit- 

 ish have vainlv attempted to subjugate. In No- 

 vember Col. Durand attacked the llunzas in 

 Nilt, their stronghold on the side of Gilghit, and 

 stormed the place. He and two other officers 

 were wounded. A railroad is to be built through 

 Cashmere. The state will not be annexed, but 

 will be governed under strict Brit ish supervision. 



Movements in Iteliichistau. During .the 

 winter of iHUO-'itl Sir Robert Sandeman visited 

 various chiefs in Beluchistan, with a view of 

 composing tribal differences and reopening the 

 old Kalila route between India and southern 

 Persia, which will likely be chosen for the future 

 railroad to India in preference to the more vul- 

 nerable route through Khorassan to Herat and 

 Candahnr. The state of Panjgur, on the front- 

 ier of Persia, has been occupied by Beluchi 

 levies, who have restored the old degree of peace 

 and prosperity. The route from Karachi to 

 Panjgur. which leads to Seistan. in Persia, is less 

 difficult than that through the /hob valley, where 

 a railroad is being built that will unite the Sindh- 

 Pishin line with the railroads of the Punjab. 

 After the occupation of the /hob valley by the 

 British forces in 1889-'90, a section of the She- 

 ranis, the Kidarzai clan, continued their depre- 

 dations. Maj.-Gen. Sir G. S. White, since ap- 

 pointed commander -in -chief, who had full 

 charge of the military arrangements, as Sir R. 

 Sandeman had of political affairs, on the border 

 front ing the Russian approach, went with a force 

 sufficient to thoroughly impress the inhabitants 

 with the nceeiiy of thorough submission and 

 with the object of winning their loyalty and co- 

 operation, because the Zhob valley is the route 

 of direct communication between the Punjab and 

 Ghazni and Cabul. and affords an alternative 

 means of approach to Candahar. The country- 

 is to be entirely amalgamated and governed by a 

 British resident. 



Hnrniah.--In the beginning of 1891 Sir 

 Charles Crossthwaito was succeeded as Chief 

 Commissioner of Burmali by Sir Alexander Mac- 

 kenzie. The British forces were engaged at that 

 time in Momeik and in operations against the 

 Chins and the Kachins. and soon fresh trouble 

 broke out in the Shan state of Wuntho. The 

 policy of the Government after the annexation 

 was to leave the Kachyens of the Bhanio district 

 to themselves, that they might serve as a neutral 



