384 



ITALY. 



ronage, counsel, and protection of the Democratic 

 party : that the Democratic party, as it has won 

 power, has nullified the law, defied the authority of 

 the State and the expressed will of its people, and 

 that now appeal is made to the electors of the whole 

 State for approval of the lawless work. We recog- 

 nize that the issue is law against defiance of law, 

 subordination against insubordination, and this State 

 of Iowa against the Democratic party. We recog- 

 nize that "the issue is between the interest of true 

 temperance and freedom and the rule of an indis- 

 criminate traffic. We renew our allegiance to the 

 people of Iowa and submit to them the determination 

 of the issue, promising that the control of the next 

 Legislature by the Democratic party means State- 

 wide license, and that the control of the next Legis- 

 lature by the Kepublicans means continued opposition 

 to the behests ot the saloon power through the main- 

 tenance and enforcement of the law. 



There was also a fourth ticket in the field, 

 nominated by the People's party and containing 

 the following names : For Governor, A. J. West- 

 fall ; for Lieutenant-Governor, Walter S. Scott ; 

 for Justice of the Supreme Court, T. P. Willis ; 

 for Superintendent of Public Instruction, C. W. 

 Bean ; for Railroad Commissioner, D. P. Rogers. 



A long and interesting canvass followed these 

 nominations. Strenuous efforts were made by 

 the Republicans to regain control of the office of 

 Governor, which they lost for the first time in 

 1890, but they were somewhat divided regarding 

 the policy of defending the prohibitory law, 

 while the 'Democrats were united in denouncing 

 it as a failure and in demanding high license. 

 The contest turned chiefly on local issues, of 

 which the liquor question was by far the most 

 prominent, and the result seemed to indicate a 

 change in popular feeling in the State upon this 

 question. At the November election the entire 

 Democratic ticket was successful, Boies receiv- 

 ing 207,575 votes; Wheeler, 199,759; Westfall, 

 11,918; and Gibson, 962. The plurality of Bestow 

 for Lieutenant-Governor was 4,242 ; of Kinne for 

 Justice of the Supreme Court, 2,977 ; of Dey for 

 Railroad Commissioner, 7,946 ; and of Knoepfler 

 for Superintendent of Public Instruction, 829. 

 As a result of the election for members of the 

 General Assembly, the Senate of 1892 will con- 

 tain 25 Democrats, 24 Republicans, and 1 ad- 

 herent of the Union Labor party ; the House 

 will contain 53 Republicans, 46 Democrats, and 1 

 member of the People's party. 



ITALY, a constitutional monarchy in southern 

 Europe. The Parliament consists of a Senate 

 composed of members nominated from among 

 citizens distinguished in professional or public 

 life, or who pay 3,000 lire in taxes per annum, and 

 a House of Deputies numbering 508 members, 

 who are elected on collective tickets of two or 

 three for each department. The elective fran- 

 chise is the right of all adult males who are able 

 to read and write and pay 20 lire or francs in 

 taxes. The reigning king is Umberto I. eldest son 

 of Vittorio Emanuele, whom he succeeded on Jan. 

 9, 1878, when not quite thirty-four years old. The 

 chief of the ministry is Francesco Crispi, who 

 was first appointed on July 29, 1887, as the suc- 

 cessor of Depretis. In the beginning of 1891 

 the Cabinet was constituted as follows : Presi- 

 dent of the Gpuncil, Minister of the Interior, and 

 Minister of Foreign Affairs ad interim, Fran- 

 cesco Crispi ; Minister of the Treasury and Min- 

 ister of Finance ad interim, Giovanni Giolitti, 



appointed March 9, 1890; Minister of Justice 

 and of Ecclesiastical Affairs, Giuseppe Zanardelli, 

 appointed April 4, 1887 ; Minister of War, Gen. 

 Ettore Bertole-Viale, appointed April 4, 1887 ; 

 Minister of Marine, Benedetto Brin, appointed 

 March 30, 1884; Minister of Commerce, Agri- 

 culture and Industry, Luigi Micele, appointed 

 Dec. 81, 1888 ; Minister of Public Works, Gas- 

 pare Finali, appointed March 9, 1889 ; Minister 

 of Posts and Telegraphs, Pietro Lacava, ap- 

 pointed May 10, 1889. The Ministry of Finance 

 was subsequently intrusted to Signer Grimaldi. 



Area and Population. The area is 286,588 

 square kilometres, with a population estimated 

 in the beginning of 1890 at 30,947,306. The 

 average annual mortality in 1862-'66 was 30-06 

 per 1,000: it decreased to an average of 27'7 in 

 1883-'87, and to 25-6 in 1889. The mortality of 

 children under a year old sank from 225 per 

 1,000 in 1868-72 to 196-8 in 1888. A further 

 improvement is found in the decline in en- 

 demic and infectious diseases. Nevertheless, in 

 1888 the deaths from infectious diseases in 

 Italy were 27'6 per 1,000. In 1885 there were 

 6,401 communes in Italy in which not a single 

 drain existed. The percentage of deaths from 

 smallpox is higher in Italy than in any other 

 European country, amounting in 1888 to 59-4 per 

 100,000. In 1888 vaccination was for the first 

 time made compulsory in Italy. In 26 years the 

 number of pupils attending elementary schools 

 has risen from 1,000,000 to 2,300,000. The illit- 

 erates entering the army have fallen from 64 

 per cent, in 1866 to 42'9 per cent, in 1888. In 

 Germany the proportion of illiterate recruits is 

 1-2 per cent., and in France 10 per cent. In 

 higher Italian educational institutions the in- 

 crease has been considerable. The more serious 

 forms of crime show a tendency to decrease, al- 

 though acts of violence are still more common 

 in Italy than in most European countries. Italy 

 stands highest in Europe in homicides and san- 

 guinary assaults. The number of prisoners de- 

 creased from 80,000 in 1880 to 68,000 in 1888. 



Finances. The budget estimate of revenue 

 for the year ending June 30, 1891, was 1,850,248,- 

 142 lire, and the estimate of expenditure was 

 1,872,133,271 lire, adding 21,885,129 lire to the 

 deficits of the previous three years. The deficit of 

 1889-'90 was stated in the budget estimate at 56,- 

 509,078 lire ; in 1888-'89 the actual excess of ex- 

 penditure was 230,461,086 lire, and in 1887-'88 it 

 was 57,151,120 lire. The public accounts divide 

 receipts and expenditures into four categories : 

 (1) effective receipts and expenditures ; (2) move- 

 ment of capital ; (3) construction of railroads, 

 etc. ; (4) receipts and expenditures d'ordre. The 

 fourth category embraces the working expenses 

 of the state domains, interest on the funds for se- 

 curing paper money, treasury deposits, and loans 

 for pensions, etc., in which receipts balance ex- 

 penditures, as also in the third category. The re- 

 ceipts and expenditures in the second and third 

 categories are classed as extraordinary. The or- 

 dinary receipts in the first category amounted to 

 1,588,022,815 lire, and the extraordinary receipts 

 to 19,986,962 lire, making a total of 1,603,009,477. 

 lire. The total expenditure in this category was 

 reckoned at 1,613,972,792 lire, leaving a deficit of 

 10,963,318 lire. In the second category the re- 

 ceipts were estimated at 32,100,589 lire, and ex- 



