lures at l.-i.ns-.', loo lire. The total <>n each 

 f the account in the third categorv was 

 ,- lire, ami in the fourth 69,332,118 lire. 

 rig i he latter sum to the ordinary .-(Teethe 

 v \enue. the total ordinary receipts are found to lie 

 . l.ili;:; lire, while the ordinary cxpcndit urcs 

 mill to l..~>;!i.!M l.:;i I lire, giving a surplus 

 . l! lire. The sum of the ex I raon Unary 

 i- l!i;.s;i:;,;,ii!i lire, ami that of extraor- 



ITALV 385 



of 109 officers and 8,180 men. The native 

 :u Africa numbered l.'i^' ollicer-, of whom 

 KM vv.-re Italians, and .V"'~> men. including 10 

 Italian under-oll, 



The Nuv.v. The Italian navy, which is 

 counted the third strongest m the world, had 

 .seven great ironclads of from 11,000 to |:;.-;is 

 tons, built In-tween 187<i and INN*, all capable of 

 steaming from 15 to \H\ knots an hour, armed 



nar\ disbursement- -J'.i .'..'.' l ,!i.") 7 lire, showing a with the heaviest ordnance, and having from IS 

 deficit of !M.:: - .'s, us lire. Of the extraordinary to 22 inches of armor over the vulnerable part-. 



for public Aneighth. the -Sicilia," of \:',.y,* t.,ns disjdace- 



penditure, KM, SKI. i 1 1 lire were 



li-.UMM) lire for the army, and 13.200,- 

 lire 1'or the navy. Of the extraordinary 

 eiiue, 1 l..v*i;.: ( si) lire were raised by the sale 

 property and 16,530,000 lire by new loans. 

 The rev'iscd budget for 1890-'91 showed a 

 .it <>f l.~>. 000,000 lire, the previous estimate 

 viiig made no provision for a falling off of 

 ,r -jo.ooo.OOO lire in the revenue. This deficit 

 reduced by economies to 3(5,000,000 lire. 

 e expenditure on public works was fixed at 

 :,251,698 lire ; the ordinary expenditure for 

 at J.V.Ui'.MUOS, and the extraordinary at 48,- 

 ..120 lire; the ordinary naval expenditure at 

 i.418, the extraordinary at HOG!),:!?!) lire. 

 The interest on the consolidated debt, 5 per 

 nt., except a small portion, amounted to 449,- 

 <i'.iv!.i:!!i in 1889-'90. The interest on the debts 

 separately inscribed, and on other terminable 

 " sbts, varying from 3 to 6 per cent., was 21,178,408 

 for the former and 92.375,752 lire for the vari- 

 is obligations not in the separate book, while 

 e sinking fund laid aside for both amounted 

 1,340.353 lire for the year. The interest on 

 sury Imnds and other floating debt was 13,- 

 :l. ' '>:;.") lire, which, with the annuity of 3,225,- 

 lire set aside for the Pope, makes the total 

 t crest on the public debt 578.984,932 lire. The 

 .pital of the debt amounted to 11,241.000,000 

 i, which is equal to $75 per capita. The in- 

 is about $3.50 a head, and amounts to 

 sevenths of the total value of exports of do- 

 le products. The property owned by the 

 te is estimated at 6,506,404,645 lire, consist- 

 of 526,479,530 lire of assets in the treasury, 

 ,111,479 lire in loans, real estate, etc., 3,398,- 

 ',658 lire in property of a reproductive char- 

 r, 1,676,993,668 lire in buildings and other 

 perty used in the service of the state, and 

 97,019,310 lire worth of material in use in the 

 army and navy. The revenue from state property 

 ISHH-'Sl) was <is.-J14.:{<M lire from railroads. 

 ; lire from ecclesiastical property, and 

 ,804,339 lire from other resources, making 84,- 

 7,099 lire in all. The aggregate revenue of the 

 mmunes of Italy in 1889 was 640,340,410 lire, 

 d the revenue of the provinces 118,625,599 lire. 

 ie debt of the communes was 883,138,464 lire, 

 d that of the provinces 172,409,115 lire at the 

 inning of 1886. 



he Army. The permanent army in 1890 

 mbered 14,211 officers and 248.036 men of all 

 sin active service, and 11,842 officers and 575,- 

 men on unlimited leave of absence. The mo- 

 e milit ia hud 3,776 officers and 368,510 men on 

 e rolls, and the territorial militia 5,224 officers 

 ami u;\>.").(i21 men. This gives an aggregate 

 nominal strength of 2. s.VJ. ::-,':; tiirhtim: men as 

 the official estimate. The African corps, which 

 forms a part of the standing army, consisted in 

 vol.. xxxi. 25 A 



-p 



m. 'lit, was launched at Venice <>n .liilyli. ]s!M. 

 Two others, the ' Ke t'mberto," of equal >i/e. 

 and a still larger one, the "Sarde^na." were 

 Hearing completion. There wen- live armored 

 battle ships of older type and under 5,000 tons 

 displacement, a torpedo ram of 3.020 tons, three 

 other second-class armor-clads of :!,."):;o tons, and 

 seven under 3,000 tons, while eight more were 

 building or waiting for engines or armament. 



Commerce and Production. Although the 

 financial position of the Government has grown 

 steadily worse, and the banking and currency 

 system, disorganized by the acceptance of in- 

 flated values and shadowy securities that have 

 since collapsed, now engages the anxious atten- 

 tion of statesmen, national wealth has accumu- 

 lat ed in Italy faster, it is believed, than in France ; 

 and in spite of the depression that has succeeded, 

 the era of speculation, it is still growing at the 

 rate of 1,000,000,000 francs a year. The paper 

 money issued by the six banks of issue was of- 

 ficially ascertained to be 1,102.900,000 lire on 

 June 30, 1891, which is 200,000,000 lire in excess 

 of l he amount authorized bylaw. The excess of 

 this circulation over the metallic reserve of 429,- 

 100,000 lire is, to a considerable extent, based on 

 loans made on property now unsalable during 

 the progress of the building mania. The illegal 

 excess of the emissions is believed by experts to 

 be nearer 500.000,000 lire. The amount officially 

 established was legalized by the law of June 30, 

 1891, authorizing the banks to issue notes to the 

 amount of four times their capital, on condition 

 that one third of the circulation shall be pro- 

 tected by a metallic reserve. The notes of the 

 other banks, though legal tender, are not re- 

 garded with the same confidence as the state 

 notes. The circulation is kept on a gold basis, 

 notwithstanding the loss of the French trade, 

 partly compensated for by increased exports 

 to Germany and other countries, and by the 

 constant influx of gold spent by tourists and 

 foreign residents, estimated at 500,000,000 lire 

 e year, which exceeds the annual deficiency in 

 the balance of trade of 325,000,000 lire for "the 

 past two years. The produce of the six great 

 crops (wheat, maize, other cereals, rice, oil, and 

 wine) increased from about 97,000,000 hecto- 

 litres in I860 to 134,000,000 in 1890. The product 

 of the mining industry in 1871 was valued at 

 42,000,000 lire, and gave employment to 30.000 

 men; in 1889 the value was" 53.500.000 lire, 

 and the number of men employed was 49,000. 

 The pay of operatives in all branches of indus- 

 try increased greatly between 1862 and 1869, ex- 

 cept that of women in silk factories, owing to 

 the crisis in the trade, and the workmen in 

 the sulphur mines, owing to decreased market 

 value. While a laborer in 18(52 had to work 



