JAPAN. 





parcels, held by 11.0:15.000 proprietors, though 

 :iall minority of ca-es o\\ner> hold x-vcral 



i. perties in ililTnvnl dUtriet*. The numl>er <>t 

 in-, ..r local go\ermnent> having . 



Viccrs ll|>|i(iiulcil I IV I lie Klllperor. local 



'lics. conrt>, dr.. is -17: subprefecto, 667; 

 having mayors, ll.liS?; the prefectures 

 |i(i|nilati<iii of S.Y.,.">!)<; person-, 

 id the Mihprcleciures of 70,000. 



ding In tin- ceiiMi.- returns compiled by 

 n- l)epan in. -lit of Home AlTair-, then- were in 

 '.Hi Dee. 31, 18SK). T.SlMi.K.VJ houses and 

 nil inhabitants 20,431,997 males and 

 nil females. Of Hi.'-.'. ::.7tiS were in .blt-s, 

 being hea.U <>f families and :!.17! members 

 families; 'J.ons.i; n \\,-n- of the ahizoku or 

 miry cla-s. of whom Ci'J.OJl wen- heads and 

 'l ..">!' '.">'. 7 members of lamilie.- : :!^. 1 1 l.o.~2 were 

 of tin' lu'iinin or commons, 7,762,322 being heads 

 ,d ::o.r>7!.9s7 members of families. Foundlings 

 adopted numbered -l,72.'i. and prisoners 

 inregistered as citi/eiis 1.01S. Compared with 

 u census of 188!). these figures show a decrease 

 .'O houses and an increase of 381.441 per- 

 Married couples numbered 7,420,341, and 

 ingle persons 'jr..!, 12.779, of whom 13,010,756 

 [re males and 12,602,023' were females. Of 

 th- during the year there were 1,145,374, the 

 ys numbering 586,121 and the girls 55! >.'!:>:',, 

 nth 91,752 babes still-born. There were 823,- 

 18 deaths, 425,059 being of males and 398,659 

 if females. Divorces show no sign of decrease, 

 lere being about the usual average of one di- 

 orce to every three marriages, or 109,088 to 

 "5,141. During the year 1889 19,160 Japanese 

 ived abroad. Of persons living between ninety 

 id one hundred years of age there were 7,394; 

 twcen one hundred and one hundred and 

 177; the women outnumbering the men 

 the proportion of 5,264 to 2,307. On Dec. 31, 

 189, there were 9,062 foreigners residing in 

 Japan, 1,701 being English, 889 Americans, 550 

 nnans, 335 French, 108 Swiss, 4.975 Chinese, 

 the total, 90 were in the diplomatic service ; 

 185 employed by the Japanese Government ; 580 

 ' special occupations, as teachers, missionaries, 

 c. : and 8.207 in other employments. 

 Finances. The approximate budget for the 

 seal year 1892-'93, as given by the Government's 

 sfficial organ in Tokio, shows an estimated total 

 ipenditure of 91,806.809 yen (as compared with 

 7,012,252 yen in the previous fiscal year). Of 

 lis sum the Crown receives 3,000,000 ; Foreign 

 )ffice, 679,910,000 ; Home Department, 8,952,296 ; 

 sury, 2,957,848: army, 13,154,199; navy. 5,- 

 3,510 ; justice, 3,555,145 ; education, 1.081,418 ; 

 riculture and commerce, 1,132.605 ; communi- 

 itions, 5,104.985; total for ordinary expendi- 

 ire. 71.372,221, as compared with 67,786,488 in 

 le previous year. In extraordinary expenditure 

 le chief items are: For construction, repairs in 

 ie Home Department, 4,470,970 yen ; in war, 

 instruction of forts, 2,875,000; in navy. ('.<; IV 

 121 for cruisers and men-of-war, with i.000,000 

 >r beginning an iron foundry : in education, for 

 BW construction, 800,000. Total of extraordi- 

 expenditure, 20,434,588 yen, as compared 

 nth 9,220,819 yen of the previous year. These 

 -timates were made before the great earthquakes 

 >f Oct. 28. 1891, which required an immediate 

 >ut lay by the Government of 5,500,000 yen. 



rding to the official di-.-l of 1890- '1M, 

 the total rcM-lilie wa.- 7*.19*,'.Mt) Veil, rni-i-d U-> 

 follows : From land. 



.k.', 1.',, I *!,:,:! 7; tol.acc.,, l.s-,C,. is;; ; ,|amp. 

 lil.Y'lM): bank.-, ami M-cidi.-. -lOU.IW; internal 

 revenue, :!.:,:;!i.:;s 7 ; cn-tom-., !,] 7."i."J2 ; licentM, 

 l,77<i,^:!l; profit on <iovernment entei; 

 N.::i'.'.MIil ; mis<-ellaiieous. llll.-JIU; Ul ln, 



fund.*, i.ins.-jcis. The ezpenditaiiM for i- 



ainonnted to 7n.:il.-).:i7u \i-n of ordinary, and 

 14,:{HN,081 yen of extraordinary rxpi-n-'-. tin- 

 total being 84,00;j,(i-')i yen. The pabQo debt was 

 J.V:.II.V>i;i; \en (less than (i,(XMl.(MXI yen Ix-ing 

 to foreigners), or, counting the paper moon in 

 circulation, which amounts to 40.(M>."i.2")5. the total 

 indebtedness was 295,5 Kl.s^-j, m ~l of it U-aring 

 interest, at 5 per cent. In 1W1 the public money 

 expended in behalf of sufferers by earthquakes, 

 floods, fire, pestilence, etc., amounted to 2.387,957 

 yen, the appropriations steadily increasing to 18,- 

 656,888 in 1888-'89. There" an- l.x; national 

 banks in Japan, one of them having a capital of 

 17,826,100 yen, another of 10,000,000, another 

 of 4,500,000, and three of over 1,000,000. The 

 capitals, reserves, and dividends of these banks 

 are published semi-annually, from which in the 

 first half of 1891, as compared with the same 

 period in 1890, we find an increase of 2.860,000 

 yen in capital and a decrease of 265,801 in prof- 

 its, an increase of 79,420 in dividends, which 

 average 5.752 per 100, a decrease of -186 sen ( o,f 

 a cent). The total coinage of the mint at Osaka 

 for the year ending March 31, 1891, amounted to 

 48,473,934 pieces of the real or nominal value 

 of 11,001,843 yen ; of these, 177,200 pieces, worth 

 886,000, were gold ; 14,952,207 pieces, worth 8,- 

 448,616, were silver; and 33.344,527, worth 1,- 

 667,227, were nickel. The number of medals 

 struck in 1891 amounted to 19,054 pieces. Since 

 the foundation of the mint, in 1870, the total 

 income has been 20,930,246 yen ; expenditure, 11,- 

 701,214; net profit, 9,229,031; the amount of 

 bullion imported into the mint being : Gold, 3,635.- 

 751 ounces (at 900 standard) ; silver, 93.923,077 

 ounces (at 900 and 800 standard) ; nickel, 12.440,- 

 978 ounces ; and copper, 327,484,545 ounces ; and 

 of coins struck: Gold, 12.637,151, weighing 3,- 

 346,368 ounces, worth 62,450.403 yen ; silve 

 448,684, weighing 90,581,384 ounces, worth 104,- 

 844,931 yen ; nickel, 75,363,738, weighing 1 1,302,- 

 179 ounces, worth 3,768,186 yen; copper. 1,203,- 

 922,113, weighing 248,816,420, worth 12,418,057 

 yen; total, 1,570,371,686 pieces, weighing 390,- 

 046,351 ounces, worth 183,481.057 yen. 



Army and Navy. The organization of the 

 Japanese army differs somewhat from that of 

 European forces. A regiment of infantry con- 

 sists of three battalions of four companies each. 

 On a peace footing a companv is made up of 5 

 officers, 27 non-commissioned" officers, and 160 

 privates 192 men of all ranks. On a war foot- 

 ing 80 privates are added, making a total of 272 

 men. In peace a regiment of infantry consists 

 in all of 2,347 men and twelve horses, but in 

 war the number of privates is 2.880. In cavalry, 

 the respective figures for peace and war are l.V. 

 and 189 men in each company. In artillery a 

 battery will have 148 men and 4 guns in the one 

 case, and 1 "s men and 6 guns in the other. The 

 field artillery consists of 7i-centimetregunsof an 

 Italian model, manufactured at the arsenal at 



